Rubinstein J
J Biol Buccale. 1977 Mar;5(1):3-22.
The dissection of the facial musculature in the elderly made on 2 bodies, confirmed the mode of evolution noted earlier in the Primates. The reduction in the m. platysma myoides was confirmed; this muscle showed only two parts: a rudimentary pars buccalis and a relatively developed pars mentalis. This reduction was accompanied by fundamental transformations since the m. quadratus of the chin appeared at the anterior part of the pars mentalis of the platysma myoides. The derivatives of the deep m. sphincter coli showed an arrangement very similar to that of the Simians. However some modifications already observed became stronger, particularly the verticilisation of the m. caninus and the separation of the two m. zygomaticus. Curiously, the extrinsic ear musculature persisted and remained well developed despite its absence of activity.
对两具老年尸体面部肌肉组织的解剖，证实了之前在灵长类动物中所观察到的进化模式。颈阔肌的退化得到了证实；该肌肉仅显示两个部分：一个退化的颊部和一个相对发达的颏部。这种退化伴随着根本性的转变，因为颏肌的方形肌出现在颈阔肌颏部的前部。深层结肠括约肌的衍生物显示出与猿猴非常相似的排列。然而，一些已经观察到的变化变得更加明显，特别是犬齿肌的轮状化和两块颧肌的分离。奇怪的是，尽管外耳肌肉组织不活动，但它仍然存在并且发育良好。
