Seiler R
Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1979;125(2):191-217.
The facial muscles of primates are derivates of sphincter colli profundus muscle and platysma myoides. A third superficial muscle layer which is present in primitive mammals is found as a rest in Tupaiiformes. The facial muscles of some Lemuriformes must be considered as a model from which originate the facial musculature of other primates. The new formation of muscles takes place at the margine of the original muscle layers; marginal muscle fibers assume another run and get individualized. So it can be seen in facial muscles of prosimians and platyrrhine monkeys that the profound muscles of mouth and nose and some of the rostral margine of the auricle have orginated from sphincter colli muscle, all others from platysma myoides. Primitive and modified muscle forms and intermediate muscle forms can be observed among prosimians as well as among platyrrhine monkeys and by this it is possible to see the homology of the facial muscles.
灵长类动物的面部肌肉是颈深括约肌和颈阔肌样肌的衍生物。原始哺乳动物中存在的第三层浅表肌肉在树鼩目动物中作为遗迹保留下来。一些狐猴目的面部肌肉必须被视为其他灵长类动物面部肌肉组织的起源模型。肌肉的新形成发生在原始肌肉层的边缘；边缘肌纤维呈现另一种走向并个体化。因此，在原猴亚目动物和阔鼻猴的面部肌肉中可以看到，口和鼻的深层肌肉以及耳廓喙缘的一些肌肉起源于颈括约肌，其他所有肌肉则起源于颈阔肌样肌。在原猴亚目动物以及阔鼻猴中都可以观察到原始和改良的肌肉形式以及中间肌肉形式，由此可以看出面部肌肉的同源性。
