Breider Florian, Masset Thibault, Prud'homme Kelyan, Brüschweiler Beat J
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory, Station 2, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory, Station 2, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 15;494:138432. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138432. Epub 2025 Apr 30.
Tire wear particles, released at an estimated 6 million tons annually worldwide, introduce various chemical substances into agricultural environments through atmospheric deposition, road runoff, and reclaimed wastewater. These tire-derived compounds are known to impact ecosystem health. This study investigates the transfer of such additives and their metabolites into vegetables, assessing human dietary intake. Using UPLC-MS/MS, eleven tire-related compounds were analyzed in 100 vegetable samples from nine Swiss retailers, including leafy (lettuce, cabbage, spinach), root (onion, potato, carrot), and fruit (tomato, bell pepper, zucchini, pumpkin) vegetables. Contamination was detected in all vegetable varieties. 31 % of the 100 samples contained benzothiazole (BTH), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), 6-PPD, or 1,3-dicyclohexylurea (DCU) at levels exceeding the limit of quantification (LOQ) whereas blank values remained below LOD. DPG was most frequently detected (18 %, n = 100), followed by 6-PPD (15 %, n = 100), DCU (10 %, n = 100), and BTH (3 %, n = 100). Spinach comprised 78 % of DPG-positive leafy samples. Daily intakes of 6-PPDQ, DCU, 6-PPD, and DPG from vegetables were estimated at 0-18.7, 0-57.7, 0-42.3, and 0-42.4 ng/person/day, respectively. While current toxicological data suggest no immediate health concerns, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term toxicity. This study offers critical insights into the presence of tire-derived substances in agriculture and underscores the need for further research to better assess environmental and human health risks.
据估计，全球每年释放600万吨轮胎磨损颗粒，这些颗粒通过大气沉降、道路径流和再生废水将各种化学物质引入农业环境。已知这些源自轮胎的化合物会影响生态系统健康。本研究调查了此类添加剂及其代谢物向蔬菜中的转移情况，评估了人类通过饮食的摄入量。使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS），对来自瑞士九家零售商的100个蔬菜样本中的11种与轮胎相关的化合物进行了分析，这些蔬菜样本包括叶菜类（生菜、卷心菜、菠菜）、根菜类（洋葱、土豆、胡萝卜）和果菜类（番茄、甜椒、西葫芦、南瓜）。在所有蔬菜品种中均检测到了污染。100个样本中有31%含有苯并噻唑（BTH）、1,3-二苯基胍（DPG）、6-苯基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4-二硫醇（6-PPD）或1,3-二环己基脲（DCU），其含量超过了定量限（LOQ），而空白值仍低于检测限（LOD）。DPG的检测频率最高（18%，n = 100），其次是6-PPD（15%，n = 100）、DCU（10%，n = 100）和BTH（3%，n = 100）。菠菜占DPG阳性叶菜样本的78%。蔬菜中6-苯基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4-二硫醇醌（6-PPDQ）、DCU、6-PPD和DPG的每日摄入量估计分别为0 - 18.7、0 - 57.7、0 - 42.3和0 - 42.4纳克/人/天。虽然目前的毒理学数据表明不存在直接的健康问题，但在长期毒性方面仍存在重大知识空白。本研究为农业中源自轮胎的物质的存在提供了重要见解，并强调需要进一步研究以更好地评估环境和人类健康风险。
