Recent progress on glucose dehydrogenase: multifaceted applications in industrial biocatalysis, cofactor regeneration, glucose sensors, and biofuel cells.

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose. Through the oxidation process, glucose is converted into gluconic acid, releasing electrons in the process, which plays a crucial role in various biological and industrial applications. GDH is widely applied in molecular biology, medicine, and industry. Currently, glucose dehydrogenase is a core component in glucose test strips, commonly used in blood glucose monitoring. Additionally, due to its catalytic properties, GDH is also employed in industrial biocatalysis, coenzyme regeneration, synthetic biology, and biofuel cells. Despite being studied for many years and having achieved industrial applications in glucose biosensors, advanced research and development on glucose dehydrogenase still continues. In recent years, more attention has been focused on improving the enzyme's performance through molecular engineering or novel immobilization techniques, as well as expanding its application fields. These efforts aim to enhance the enzyme's contribution to global challenges, such as human health diagnostics, industrial biocatalysis upgrades, and the development of bioenergy. This review summarizes the recent advancements in glucose dehydrogenase research, focusing on enzyme molecular engineering and performance enhancement, novel immobilization strategies, and the latest applications in biosensors, biocatalysis, and biofuel cells.