An optimized deep neural network with explainable artificial intelligence framework for brain tumour classification.

Brain tumour classification plays a significant role in improving patient care, treatment planning, and enhancing the overall healthcare system's effectiveness. This article presents a ResNet framework optimized using Henry gas solubility optimization (HGSO) for the classification of brain tumours, resulting in improved classification performance in magnetic resonance images (MRI). Two variants of the deep residual neural network, namely ResNet-18 and ResNet-50, are trained on the MRI training dataset. The four critical hyperparameters of the ResNet model: momentum, initial learning rate, maximum epochs, and validation frequency are tuned to obtain optimal values using HGSO algorithm. Subsequently, the optimized ResNet model is evaluated using two separate databases: Database1, comprising four tumour classes, and Database2, with three tumour classes. The performance is assessed using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F-score. The highest classification accuracy of 0.9825 is attained using the proposed optimized ResNet-50 framework on Database1. Moreover, the Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (GRAD-CAM) algorithm is utilized to enhance the understanding of deep neural networks by highlighting the regions that are influential in making a particular classification decision. Grad-CAM heatmaps confirm the model focuses on relevant tumour features, not image artefacts. This research enhances MRI brain tumour classification via deep learning optimization strategies.