Chaviano A H, Gill W B, Ruggiero K J, Vermeulen C W
J Urol. 1985 Sep;134(3):598-600. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47309-5.
Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) given to rats intraperitoneally produced a severe cystitis within four hours with marked inflammatory edema and hemorrhagic ulcerations of the mucosa. An in vivo staining test with methylene blue showed deep staining of the urothelium as has been demonstrated with other types of urothelial injuries; uninjured urothelium does not stain. The cytoxan cystitis is probably not due to cytoxan itself, but to a breakdown product acrolein, an aldehyde appearing in the urine. Rat experiments demonstrated that acrolein instilled intravesically produced a cystitis similar to that found with cytoxan injected intraperitoneally. The cystitis due either to cytoxan or acrolein was prevented by simultaneous intravesical administration of an aldehyde inactivating agent, acetylcysteine (mucomyst).
给大鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺（癌得星），4小时内即产生严重膀胱炎，伴有明显的炎性水肿和黏膜出血性溃疡。用亚甲蓝进行的体内染色试验显示，膀胱上皮有深染，这与其他类型的膀胱上皮损伤所见相同；未受损的膀胱上皮不着色。环磷酰胺性膀胱炎可能并非由环磷酰胺本身引起，而是由一种分解产物丙烯醛所致，丙烯醛是一种出现在尿液中的醛类物质。大鼠实验表明，膀胱内灌注丙烯醛可产生与腹腔注射环磷酰胺相似的膀胱炎。同时膀胱内给予醛类灭活剂乙酰半胱氨酸（痰易净）可预防由环磷酰胺或丙烯醛引起的膀胱炎。
