K Vlachakis Panayotis, Theofilis Panagiotis, Manios Efstathios, Tentolouris Anastasios, Drakopoulou Maria, Karakasis Paschalis, Vordoni Aikaterini, Korompoki Eleni, Oikonomou Evangelos, Tioufis Costas, Tousoulis Dimitrios
1st Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527Athens, Greece.
Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece.
Curr Med Chem. 2025 May 2. doi: 10.2174/0109298673349473250410132823.
Hypertension (HTN) is a major cardiovascular risk factor, contributing to over 10.4 million deaths annually. HTN's pathophysiology involves complex mechanisms, including altered vascular resistance and hormonal regulation. Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of HTN, is characterized by reduced vasodilator production and increased vasoconstrictor and inflammatory cytokine generation, leading to elevated blood pressure (BP) and vascular damage. Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent long-term complications. Identifying biomarkers of endothelial function in HTN can aid early disease detection and offer insights into underlying mechanisms. Blood sample-derived biomarkers include nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM- 1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial microparticles. Imaging-based biomarkers such as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) are also significant. These biomarkers provide the means to identify inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular injury, enhancing disease pathogenesis understanding. Combined with accurate BP measurements, they contribute to early diagnosis and provide valuable insights that may inform treatment strategies. Baseline and sequential plasma biomarker measurements also indicate treatment efficacy. However, large-scale, prospective population studies are necessary to fully validate these biomarkers for clinical use.
高血压（HTN）是主要的心血管危险因素，每年导致超过1040万人死亡。高血压的病理生理学涉及复杂机制，包括血管阻力改变和激素调节。内皮功能障碍是高血压的一个标志，其特征是血管舒张剂产生减少，血管收缩剂和炎性细胞因子生成增加，导致血压（BP）升高和血管损伤。早期检测和干预对于预防长期并发症至关重要。识别高血压中内皮功能的生物标志物有助于早期疾病检测，并深入了解潜在机制。血液样本衍生的生物标志物包括一氧化氮（NO）、不对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）、血管细胞粘附分子-1（VCAM-1）、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）和内皮微粒。基于成像的生物标志物，如血流介导的血管舒张（FMD）和冠状动脉血流储备（CFR）也很重要。这些生物标志物提供了识别炎症、内皮功能障碍和血管损伤的方法，增强了对疾病发病机制的理解。与准确的血压测量相结合，它们有助于早期诊断，并提供有价值的见解，为治疗策略提供参考。基线和连续血浆生物标志物测量也可表明治疗效果。然而，需要大规模的前瞻性人群研究来充分验证这些生物标志物在临床中的应用。
