Ni Xiumei, Liu Yu, Liu Kaiyun
Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2025 Apr 25;41(4):1221-1239. doi: 10.13345/j.cjb.240742.
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are non-replicating spherical nanoparticles produced by bacteria. The MVs actively released from Gram-negative bacteria are termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs carry various biomolecules, such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, proteins, and nucleic acids for material exchange between cells and perform component-dependent physiological functions. In recent years, OMVs have been developed into various biological products, such as vaccines, adjuvants, drug delivery carriers, and cancer immunotherapy agents because of their unique structures and functions. This review describes the biogenesis, composition, and physiological functions of OMVs of Gram-negative bacteria, summarizes the recent research progress of OMVs in product development and cell modifications or engineering, highlights new methods for OMV preparation and characterization, and provides an outlook on the future research directions, with the aim to provide a good reference for study and development of the application of OMVs in the biomedical field.
膜泡（MVs）是细菌产生的非复制性球形纳米颗粒。从革兰氏阴性菌中主动释放的MVs被称为外膜泡（OMVs）。OMVs携带多种生物分子，如脂多糖、肽聚糖、蛋白质和核酸，用于细胞间的物质交换，并发挥依赖于成分的生理功能。近年来，由于其独特的结构和功能，OMVs已被开发成各种生物制品，如疫苗、佐剂、药物递送载体和癌症免疫治疗剂。本文综述了革兰氏阴性菌OMVs的生物发生、组成和生理功能，总结了OMVs在产品开发以及细胞修饰或工程方面的最新研究进展，重点介绍了OMV制备和表征的新方法，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望，旨在为OMVs在生物医学领域的应用研究和开发提供良好的参考。
