Waters E M, Gerstner H B, Huff J E
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1977 Jan;2(3):671-707. doi: 10.1080/15287397709529469.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been an industrial chemical of some importance for the past 50 years. First synthesized by Fischer in 1864, TCE has enjoyed considerable industrial usage as a degreaser and limited medical use as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic. This TCE overview provides a narrative survey of the reference literature. Highlights include history, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, manufacture, analysis, uses, metabolism, toxicology, carcinogenic potential, exposure routes, recommended standards, and conclusions. Chemically, TCE is a colorless, highly volatile liquid of molecular formula C2HCl3. Autoxidation of the unstable compound yields acidic products. Stabilizers are added to retard decomposition. TCE's multitude of industrial uses center around its highly effective fat-solvent properties. Metabolically, TCE is transformed in the liver to trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, and trichloroethanol glucuronide; these breakdown products are excreted through the kidneys. Most toxic responses occur as a result of industrial exposures. TCE affects principally the central nervous system (CNS). Short exposures result in subjective symptoms such as headache, nausea, and incoordination. Longer exposures may result in CNS depression, hepatorenal failure, and increased cardiac output. Cases of sudden death following TCE exposure are generally attributed to ventricular fibrillation. Current interest in TCE has focused on recent experimental data that implicate TCE as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. No epidemiological data are available that demonstrate a similar action in humans. The overall population may be exposed to TCE through household cleaning fluids, decaffeinated coffee, and some spice extracts. The NIOSH recommended standard for TCE is 100 ppm as a time-weighted average for an 8-hr day, with a maximum allowable peak concentration of 150 ppm for 10 min.
在过去50年里，三氯乙烯（TCE）一直是一种具有一定重要性的工业化学品。1864年由费舍尔首次合成，TCE作为脱脂剂在工业上有大量应用，在医学上作为吸入麻醉剂和镇痛药有有限应用。本TCE综述对参考文献进行了叙述性概述。重点包括历史、命名、物理和化学性质、制造、分析、用途、代谢、毒理学、致癌潜力、接触途径、推荐标准及结论。从化学角度看，TCE是一种分子式为C2HCl3的无色、高挥发性液体。这种不稳定化合物的自氧化会产生酸性产物。添加稳定剂以延缓分解。TCE的众多工业用途都围绕其高效的脂肪溶剂特性。在代谢方面，TCE在肝脏中转化为三氯乙酸、三氯乙醇和三氯乙醇葡萄糖醛酸苷；这些分解产物通过肾脏排出。大多数毒性反应是工业接触的结果。TCE主要影响中枢神经系统（CNS）。短时间接触会导致头痛、恶心和不协调等主观症状。长时间接触可能导致CNS抑制、肝肾衰竭和心输出量增加。TCE接触后猝死的病例通常归因于心室颤动。目前对TCE的关注集中在最近的实验数据上，这些数据表明TCE是小鼠肝细胞癌的一个病因。尚无流行病学数据表明在人类中有类似作用。总体人群可能通过家用清洁液、脱咖啡因咖啡和一些香料提取物接触TCE。美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）推荐的TCE标准是8小时工作日的时间加权平均浓度为100 ppm，10分钟的最大允许峰值浓度为150 ppm。
