Wang Hai-Yan, Xie Pei-Juan, Qiao Xiao-Qiang, Zhang Li-Yuan
School of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen 518107, China.
Se Pu. 2025 May;43(5):413-423. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.11004.
Exosomes form a subclass of extracellular vesicle that are secreted by most cells and found in nearly all body fluids, including blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, and milk, as well as in various tissues and intercellular spaces. Exosomes have recently been recognized as crucial intercellular communication mediators, and an increasing number of studies have shown that exosomes are important liquid-biopsy tools that play irreplaceable roles in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diseases. The ability to isolate high-quality exosomes is a prerequisite for diagnosing and subsequently treating diseases in an accurate and repeatable manner. However, efficiently isolating exosomes from complex biological samples is challenging owing to their relatively low abundances and interference from non-vesicular macromolecules (such as cell debris and proteins). To date, various isolation techniques based on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of exosomes have been developed. Indeed, efficient affinity-interaction-based methods have recently overcome the limitations and drawbacks of traditional exosome isolation methods and are widely used in scientific research and clinical applications. This review focuses on exosome isolation and enrichment, and systematically reviews recent research progress on efficient isolation methods based on affinity interactions. Developmental prospects of exosome isolation and enrichment directions are analyzed with the aim of providing a reference for the construction and use of new exosome-isolation strategies.
外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一个亚类，由大多数细胞分泌，存在于几乎所有体液中，包括血液、尿液、唾液、羊水和乳汁，以及各种组织和细胞间隙中。外泌体最近被认为是关键的细胞间通讯介质，越来越多的研究表明，外泌体是重要的液体活检工具，在疾病的诊断、预后和治疗中发挥着不可替代的作用。分离高质量外泌体的能力是以准确且可重复的方式诊断和后续治疗疾病的先决条件。然而，由于外泌体丰度相对较低且受到非囊泡大分子（如细胞碎片和蛋白质）的干扰，从复杂生物样品中有效分离外泌体具有挑战性。迄今为止，已经开发了基于外泌体物理、化学和生物学特性的各种分离技术。事实上，基于高效亲和相互作用的方法最近克服了传统外泌体分离方法的局限性和缺点，并广泛应用于科学研究和临床应用。本综述聚焦于外泌体的分离和富集，并系统地综述了基于亲和相互作用的高效分离方法的最新研究进展。分析了外泌体分离和富集方向的发展前景，旨在为构建和使用新的外泌体分离策略提供参考。
