Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19: A Review of Antiviral Treatments, Immunotherapies, and Emerging Interventions.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global health crisis, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented unprecedented challenges to global healthcare systems, leading to rapid advances in treatment development. This review comprehensively examines the current therapeutic approaches for managing COVID-19, including direct-acting antivirals, immunomodulators, anticoagulants, and adjuvant therapies, as well as emerging and experimental approaches. Direct-acting antivirals target various stages of the viral life cycle, offering specific intervention points, while immunomodulators aim to modulate the host's immune response, reducing disease severity. Anticoagulant therapies address the coagulopathy frequently observed in severe cases, and adjuvant treatments provide supportive care to improve overall outcomes. We also explore the challenges and limitations of implementing these treatments, such as drug resistance, variable patient responses, and access to therapies, especially in resource-limited settings. The review also discusses future perspectives, including the potential of next-generation vaccines, personalized medicine, and global collaboration in shaping future COVID-19 treatment paradigms. Continuous innovation, combined with an integrated and adaptable approach, will be crucial to effectively managing COVID-19 and mitigating the impact of future pandemics.