Sharaf Basel A, Abushehab Abdallah, Michaelcheck Charlotte E, Hussein Sara M, Gibreel Waleed, Alser Osaid, Kouzani Abbas Z, Pazelli Alexandre Meira, Lee Kendall H, Oh Yoonbae, Hawkes Max A, Hallak Hana, Morris Jonathan M
Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Neural Engineering and Precision Surgery Lab, Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2025 Jun;105:305-314. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2025.04.037. Epub 2025 Apr 25.
Craniomaxillofacial surgeons address congenital, developmental, and acquired deformities of the cranium, face, and jaws, relying on precise planning for optimal outcomes. Virtual surgical planning (VSP) integrates digital imaging and computer-aided design to enhance preoperative planning and intraoperative precision.
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted across databases, focusing on studies published between 2013 and 2023. The search terms included "Virtual Surgical Planning," "VSP," "Surgical Planning," "3D Printing," and "Craniofacial Surgeries" or "Craniomaxillofacial Surgeries." Articles that reported outcomes on operative time, accuracy, or cost were included.
A total of 146 studies were included in the final analysis. The outcomes were grouped into 3 key categories: accuracy, operative time, and cost-effectiveness. VSP showed a median deviation of 1.14 mm compared to 1.83 mm for non-VSP (P = 0.46). VSP groups had an average angular deviation of 2.67°, compared to 3.32° for non-VSP groups (P = 0.805). The average matching percentage was 96.12% for VSP, compared to 87.5% for non-VSP (P = 0.264). Operative time for VSP was 3.7 h compared to 4.32 h for non-VSP (P = 0.477). Cost analysis showed VSP at a lower average material cost ($2128) compared to non-VSP ($3416) (P = 0.294).
Although numerous studies highlight the advantages of VSP in the craniomaxillofacial field, our meta-analysis found no statistically significant differences compared to the traditional methods. Variability in study designs and outcome measures may contribute to these findings, highlighting the need for more standardized, procedure-specific research to fully assess the clinical impact of VSP.
颅颌面外科医生致力于解决颅骨、面部和颌骨的先天性、发育性及后天性畸形问题，依靠精确规划以实现最佳治疗效果。虚拟手术规划（VSP）整合了数字成像和计算机辅助设计，以加强术前规划和术中精准度。
对各数据库进行了系统综述和荟萃分析，重点关注2013年至2023年间发表的研究。检索词包括“虚拟手术规划”“VSP”“手术规划”“3D打印”以及“颅面外科手术”或“颅颌面外科手术”。纳入了报告手术时间、准确性或成本结果的文章。
最终分析共纳入146项研究。结果分为3个关键类别：准确性、手术时间和成本效益。与非VSP组的1.83毫米相比，VSP组的中位偏差为1.14毫米（P = 0.46）。VSP组的平均角度偏差为2.67°，而非VSP组为3.32°（P = 0.805）。VSP的平均匹配百分比为96.12%，非VSP为87.5%（P = 0.264）。VSP的手术时间为3.7小时，非VSP为4.32小时（P = 0.477）。成本分析显示，VSP的平均材料成本（2128美元）低于非VSP（3416美元）（P = 0.294）。
尽管众多研究强调了VSP在颅颌面领域的优势，但我们的荟萃分析发现，与传统方法相比，并无统计学上的显著差异。研究设计和结果测量的变异性可能导致了这些结果，这凸显了需要进行更标准化、针对特定手术的研究，以全面评估VSP的临床影响。
