Jain Rishika, Sharma Himanshu, Pena Lindomar, Jit Simran, Rathi Brijesh, De Oliveira Ronaldo Nascimento, Verma Mansi
Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Mahatma Hansraj Marg, Malkaganj, Delhi, 110007, India.
Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Microb Pathog. 2025 Aug;205:107671. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107671. Epub 2025 May 7.
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and have been a concern for public health due to frequent epidemics and sporadic waves of pandemics. According to WHO, seasonal strains of the influenza A virus (IAV) infect 3 to 5 million people every year and result in 0.29-0.65 million deaths globally. Among all proteins of IAV, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) have high mutation rates and have been reported to undergo antigenic drift and shift leading to novel strains. Hence continuous revision in drugs and vaccines regime is an economic burden as these reassortments can cause high morbidity among the immunologically naive population. Infection rates are higher among older age groups, infants and patients reported with other respiratory distress. Routine diagnostic tests include reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, and immunofluorescence assays; however, the diagnosis may be hindered due to the resemblance of the clinical presentation of other respiratory viruses with influenza viruses. Here we present a comprehensive review which sheds light on the genomic structure, evolution, pathogenicity and clinical presentation of influenza virus that can help to distinguish it from other respiratory viruses. A detailed analysis will ultimately pave the way for the development of more effective antiviral drugs and a universal vaccine.
流感病毒属于正黏病毒科，由于频繁的流行和偶发的大流行浪潮，一直是公共卫生关注的焦点。根据世界卫生组织的数据，甲型流感病毒（IAV）的季节性毒株每年感染300万至500万人，全球导致29万至65万人死亡。在IAV的所有蛋白质中，血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）具有高突变率，并且据报道会发生抗原漂移和转变，从而产生新的毒株。因此，由于这些重配可能在免疫未成熟人群中导致高发病率，药物和疫苗方案的持续修订是一项经济负担。老年人群、婴儿以及患有其他呼吸窘迫症的患者感染率更高。常规诊断测试包括逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）、病毒培养和免疫荧光测定；然而，由于其他呼吸道病毒与流感病毒临床表现相似，诊断可能会受到阻碍。在此，我们进行全面综述，以阐明流感病毒的基因组结构、进化、致病性和临床表现，这有助于将其与其他呼吸道病毒区分开来。详细分析最终将为开发更有效的抗病毒药物和通用疫苗铺平道路。
