Abu-Zahra Nagwa I S, Gouda Mofeed, Elseify Mohamed M, Abass Mona E, El-Gohary Mohammed S, El-Sokary Eman T
Fish Diseases Unit, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
Pathology Unit, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 9;15(1):16226. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96757-2.
Aquatic animals face multiple threats, including pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental pollutants, risking their health and survival. Limited bioremediation studies have been conducted on the detrimental impacts of herbicides on fish. This study focused on the impact of the herbicide pendimethalin (PD) on Oreochromis niloticus and assessed the protective role of Azolla pinnata (AZ), an aquatic fern known for its phytoremediation and antioxidant properties. O. niloticus (n = 270, 34.17 ± 2.41 g) were divided into six groups in triplicate: the control (CTR), AZ-supplemented (125 g/kg diet), PD-exposed (0.5 and 1 mg PD/L), and PD-exposed with AZ supplementation (0.5 and 1 mg PD/L + AZ) groups for 28 days. PD exposure caused substantial reductions in growth performance and hematological indices (hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) count), with significant increases in white blood cell (WBC) count. Oxidative damage from PD exposure was evidenced by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, along with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in hepatic and gill tissues. PD-exposed fish also presented reduced phagocytic activity (PA) and index (PI), along with decreased lysozyme activity and resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Additionally, hepatic and renal damage markers (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine) and stress indicators (cortisol and glucose) were notably elevated. Severe tissue and cellular damage further highlight PD-induced damage. AZ supplementation had a protective effect, almost restoring normal growth performance, hematological parameters, and antioxidant defenses. AZ improved SOD and AChE activity and reduced MDA levels, mitigating oxidative damage. AZ also improved immune responses, restoring PA, PI, and lysozyme activity and bacterial resistance. Furthermore, AZ alleviated hepatic and renal damage, normalized stress markers, and mitigated tissue and morphological abnormalities, preserving tissue integrity. This study underscores the potential of dietary AZ supplementation (12.5%) as a growth promoter, antioxidant, and immunostimulant in aquaculture, effectively enhancing resistance to environmental toxicants and bacterial infections.
水生动物面临多种威胁，包括农药、重金属和其他环境污染物，这危及它们的健康和生存。关于除草剂对鱼类有害影响的生物修复研究有限。本研究聚焦于除草剂二甲戊灵（PD）对尼罗罗非鱼的影响，并评估了水生蕨类植物满江红（AZ）的保护作用，满江红以其植物修复和抗氧化特性而闻名。将尼罗罗非鱼（n = 270，34.17 ± 2.41克）分为六组，每组设三个重复：对照组（CTR）、补充满江红组（125克/千克饲料）、暴露于二甲戊灵组（0.5和1毫克PD/升）以及暴露于二甲戊灵并补充满江红组（0.5和1毫克PD/升 + AZ），实验持续28天。暴露于二甲戊灵导致生长性能和血液学指标（血红蛋白浓度（Hb）和红细胞（RBC）计数）大幅下降，白细胞（WBC）计数显著增加。肝脏和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）水平降低，丙二醛（MDA）水平升高，证明了二甲戊灵暴露引起的氧化损伤。暴露于二甲戊灵的鱼还表现出吞噬活性（PA）和指数（PI）降低，溶菌酶活性下降以及对铜绿假单胞菌感染的抵抗力降低。此外，肝脏和肾脏损伤标志物（AST、ALT、ALP、尿素和肌酐）以及应激指标（皮质醇和葡萄糖）显著升高。严重的组织和细胞损伤进一步凸显了二甲戊灵诱导的损伤。补充满江红具有保护作用，几乎恢复了正常的生长性能、血液学参数和抗氧化防御能力。满江红提高了SOD和AChE活性，降低了MDA水平，减轻了氧化损伤。满江红还改善了免疫反应，恢复了PA、PI和溶菌酶活性以及细菌抵抗力。此外，满江红减轻了肝脏和肾脏损伤，使应激标志物恢复正常，减轻了组织和形态异常，保持了组织完整性。本研究强调了在水产养殖中添加满江红（12.5%）作为生长促进剂、抗氧化剂和免疫刺激剂的潜力，可有效增强对环境毒物和细菌感染的抵抗力。
