Yang Yunfeng, Pan Mingjie, Lin Yingying, Xu HuaHu, Wei Suhang, Zhang Chi, Lu Sheng, Niu Bing
School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China; School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China.
School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China.
J Dairy Sci. 2025 Jul;108(7):6838-6851. doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26459. Epub 2025 May 9.
China, as the world's second-largest market for dairy products, places significant importance on the safety of such products. In recent years, incidents related to the safety of dairy products have occurred frequently, posing substantial threats to public health and societal stability. The indiscriminate discharge of industrial sewage not only causes environmental pollution, but also may result in the presence of heavy metals in raw milk, thus raising concerns about food safety. This paper establishes a risk assessment model for heavy metal contamination in liquid milk, using dietary exposure assessment and simulation risk assessment. The assessment covers heavy metal contamination in soils and pastures across most provinces in China, excluding Taiwan, Tibet, Macau, and Hong Kong. Employing methods such as the pollution index, spatial cluster analysis, distribution fitting, and carcinogenic risk assessment, the study reveals that the overall pollution levels of heavy metals in the soil of Yunnan Province and Jiangxi Province are particularly severe, and the bioaccumulation effect made heavy metal pollution more pronounced in the forage samples of Yunnan Province. Furthermore, based on transfer factors, residents' daily dietary intake, and local economic levels, the study evaluates the carcinogenic risk and target total risk index of heavy metals in raw milk. The findings highlight that the risk of carcinogenicity and noncarcinogenicity is higher in the [3, 6) age group compared with other age groups, underlining the urgent need for improved regulation and monitoring to protect public health, especially for vulnerable populations. The study underscores that heavy metal contamination forms a complete "soil-feed-milk" risk chain. It highlights the need to establish a region-specific regulatory framework, focusing on the characteristics of pollution. In additional, dietary interventions for susceptible groups, such as children, should be strengthened to mitigate the long-term health effects of environmental pollution.
中国作为全球第二大乳制品市场，高度重视此类产品的安全。近年来，与乳制品安全相关的事件频繁发生，对公众健康和社会稳定构成了重大威胁。工业污水的随意排放不仅造成环境污染，还可能导致原奶中重金属的存在，从而引发对食品安全的担忧。本文利用膳食暴露评估和模拟风险评估，建立了液态奶重金属污染风险评估模型。该评估涵盖了中国除台湾、西藏、澳门和香港之外的大部分省份的土壤和牧场中的重金属污染情况。通过污染指数、空间聚类分析、分布拟合和致癌风险评估等方法，研究发现云南省和江西省土壤中重金属的总体污染水平尤为严重，且生物累积效应使云南省饲料样本中的重金属污染更为明显。此外，基于转移因子、居民日常膳食摄入量和当地经济水平，该研究评估了原奶中重金属的致癌风险和目标总风险指数。研究结果表明，与其他年龄组相比，[3, 6)年龄组的致癌和非致癌风险更高，这凸显了加强监管和监测以保护公众健康的迫切需求，尤其是对于弱势群体。该研究强调重金属污染形成了一个完整的“土壤-饲料-牛奶”风险链。它突出了建立针对特定区域的监管框架的必要性，该框架应关注污染特征。此外，应加强对儿童等易感人群的膳食干预，以减轻环境污染对健康的长期影响。
