Bibi Saima, Zubair Muhammad, Riaz Rehana, Kanwal Aqsa, Ali Shah Syed Adnan
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam Bandar Puncak Alam 42300 Selangor D. E. Malaysia.
RSC Adv. 2025 May 9;15(19):15417-15442. doi: 10.1039/d5ra01808k. eCollection 2025 May 6.
In recent years, transition metal-catalysed organic synthesis has received great importance. Zirconium, a second-row transition metal, has gained prominence owing to its luster and abundance, but it is more expensive than other transition metals because it is difficult to refine and process. In particular, active zirconia-based catalysts have fascinated researchers owing to their low toxicity, affordability, flexibility and excellent dispersion. This review focuses on the latest zirconium catalysts used in the manufacturing of medicinal compounds, bioactive molecules and pertinent synthesis mechanisms reported since 2020. In this review, the synthesis of various heterocycles such as imidazoles, pyrazole, pyrimidinones, quinolines, quinazolinones, pyridines, pyrroles, benzopyrans, substituted amides and triazolidine-based bioactive molecules is discussed in detail. Future research in this area is based on further understanding the scope of zirconium catalysed sustainable and approachable synthesis of biologically active compounds.
近年来，过渡金属催化的有机合成受到了高度重视。锆作为第二周期过渡金属，因其光泽度和丰富储量而备受瞩目，但由于提炼和加工困难，它比其他过渡金属更昂贵。特别是，基于氧化锆的活性催化剂因其低毒性、经济性、灵活性和出色的分散性而吸引了研究人员。本综述聚焦于自2020年以来用于制造药用化合物、生物活性分子的最新锆催化剂以及相关的合成机制。在本综述中，详细讨论了各种杂环化合物的合成，如咪唑、吡唑、嘧啶酮、喹啉、喹唑啉酮、吡啶、吡咯、苯并吡喃、取代酰胺以及基于三唑烷的生物活性分子。该领域未来的研究基于进一步理解锆催化的生物活性化合物可持续且可行的合成范围。
