Integrating ontogenetic and behavioral analysis in fossil and extant Lynx pardinus (Temminck, 1827).

This study proposes new developmental stages for age classification of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), based on tooth development observed through X-rays, with a focus on juveniles. The classification defines a set of developmental markers expected as a cub grows, identifying five age categories: neonate, two juvenile stages, subadult, and adult. As an alternative methodology, we adapted pulp cavity infilling analyses previously applied in other carnivores, estimating development stages with ordinal logistic regression equations that examine root development in the lower and upper carnassial. These methods were then applied to fossil samples to interpret the age and behaviour of past lynx populations at Terrasses de la Riera dels Canyars (TC) and Cova del Gegant (CG). The results at TC suggest a minimum of 16 individuals, with a mortality profile suggesting a living structure population. In contrast, the CG mortality profile align closely with to seasonal mortality profiles, reinforcing previous assumptions denning activity. The regression-based age estimation proved effective for both modern and fossil samples, supporting its potential use in conservation and reintroduction. Additionally, this ontogenetic approach provides comprehensive mortality profiles and insights into the behavioural history of L. pardinus.