Complex Management of Bilateral Congenital Hydronephrosis in a Pediatric Patient: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common developmental malformations and a leading cause of pediatric renal dysfunction. Severe hydronephrosis, especially when accompanied by ureteral duplication, ureterocele, or neurogenic bladder, poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This case report presents a 7-year-old male with prenatally diagnosed bilateral grade IV/V hydronephrosis (according to the radiology hydronephrosis grading system), complicated by the right pyeloureteral duplication, the left ureterocele, and the neurogenic bladder. The patient's clinical course was marked by recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), progressive renal dysfunction, and multiple surgical interventions. Initial decompression via bilateral ureterostomy and stenting led to significant improvements in renal function. However, the patient experienced recurrent febrile UTIs caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, necessitating repeated hospitalizations and intravenous antibiotic therapy. Serial imaging studies documented persistent hydronephrosis, a neurogenic bladder, and vesicoureteral reflux. Subsequent surgical interventions included bilateral ureteral reimplantation, excision of the left ureterocele, and removal of a fibroepithelial polyp from the bladder wall. Despite these interventions, residual left hydronephrosis and right kidney hypoplasia persisted, underscoring the need for long-term surveillance. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of managing CAKUT and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach integrating imaging, functional assessment, and surgical planning. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can stabilize renal function, but ongoing monitoring and individualized treatment remain crucial for optimizing long-term outcomes in children with complex CAKUT.