Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) identified Clostridium perfringens infection presenting as acute hemolysis after surgery.

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) septicaemia is a rare, but rapidly fatal infection, characterized by massive hemolysis. In numerous documented instances, the patient was not diagnosed in time due to the absence of typical clinical features. In order to enhance diagnostic accuracy, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been adopted as a novel approach to pathogen identification. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old male who had undergone transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) surgery four days earlier presented with severe anemia, and laboratory investigations disclosed intravascular hemolysis. Swift and accurate identification was imperative, resulting in the confirmation of mNGS analysis, his medical history, clinical symptoms, physical signs, additional tests, and C. perfringens as the causative pathogen of hemolysis. After successful treatment with effective antibiotics, the patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital after 19 days. CONCLUSIONS: mNGS achieves expedited diagnostic turnaround time through rapid pathogen identification, significantly surpassing conventional culture methods. This may enable the diagnosis of atypical cases of C. perfringens infection, which can cause rapid systemic shock, renal failure, intravascular hemolysis, and even death.