Younis Elsayed M, Ibrahim Rowida E, Abdelwarith Abdelwahab A, Yassin Engy Mohamed Mohamed, Alhallag Kholoud A, Sobh Mohammed S, Shaalan Mohamed, Khamis Tarek, Rahman Afaf N Abdel
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
Fish Physiol Biochem. 2025 May 16;51(3):98. doi: 10.1007/s10695-025-01515-w.
Globally, the contamination of aquatic bodies by improper application of pesticides, particularly fungicides, endangered aquatic life and hampered sustainable aquaculture. Exploring innovative strategies to mitigate this difficult issue as eco-friendly and cost-effective is indispensable. Herein, the potential of dietary Egyptian mallow (Malva parviflora) leaves (EML) as a powder form to mitigate the toxicological implications of metiram (MET) exposure in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) was assessed in this attempt. The investigation featured growth, physiological, immune/antioxidant responses, splenic cytokines expression, and histopathological concepts. In light of this, fish (N = 200; 32.80 ± 0.92 g) were eventually assigned into four groups with five sets (control, EML, MET, and EML + MET) for 63 days. The control and EML groups were given basal diets that had 0 and 15 g EML/kg diet, respectively, without MET exposure. Furthermore, MET and EML + MET groups were received the identical diets as control and EML groups, respectively, and exposed to 0.38 mg/L MET. The findings highlighted a significant (P < 0.001) growth retardation (declining in weight gain and specific growth rate) and higher fish mortality (32%) by MET exposure. Also, immune impairment (lowered immunoglobulin M and complement 3) and oxidative damage (higher malondialdehyde and declined catalase and superoxide dismutase) were the outcomes of MET toxicity. In addition, the biochemical biomarkers showed substantial disruptions (P < 0.001) in the MET group, where creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase increased. Splenic expression of immune-relevant cytokines (interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma 1) was downregulated with upregulation of apoptosis (cysteine-aspartic acid protease-3) linked gene by MET toxicity (P < 0.001). Histologically, MET significantly provoked a diverse range of aberrations in the spleen, kidney, and liver tissues. Remarkably, feeding the EML diet to the MET group decreased fish mortality (14%) and refined all metrics, while retaining the histological integrity of tissues. The conclusion of this viewpoint recommends using dietary EML (15 g/kg) to diminish the deleterious effects of MET in toxicity in Nile tilapia to sustain aquaculture.
在全球范围内，农药尤其是杀菌剂的不当使用对水体造成污染，危及水生生物，并阻碍了可持续水产养殖的发展。探索创新策略以缓解这一难题，使其既环保又具成本效益，这是必不可少的。在此，本研究尝试评估了以粉末形式添加到饲料中的埃及锦葵（Malva parviflora）叶（EML）减轻尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）暴露于代森锰（MET）时的毒理学影响的潜力。该研究涵盖了生长、生理、免疫/抗氧化反应、脾脏细胞因子表达以及组织病理学等方面。据此，最终将200尾鱼（体重32.80±0.92克）分为四组，每组五套重复（对照组、EML组、MET组和EML + MET组），实验为期63天。对照组和EML组分别投喂基础饲料，其中EML含量分别为0和15克/千克饲料，未暴露于MET。此外，MET组和EML + MET组分别接受与对照组和EML组相同的饲料，并暴露于0.38毫克/升的MET中。研究结果表明，MET暴露显著（P < 0.001）导致生长迟缓（体重增加和特定生长率下降）以及较高的鱼类死亡率（32%）。此外，免疫损伤（免疫球蛋白M和补体3降低）和氧化损伤（丙二醛升高，过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶下降）是MET毒性的结果。另外，生化生物标志物在MET组中表现出显著紊乱（P < 0.001），其中肌酐、天冬氨酸转氨酶和丙氨酸转氨酶升高。MET毒性导致脾脏中与免疫相关的细胞因子（白细胞介素-10和干扰素-γ1）表达下调，同时凋亡相关基因（半胱天冬酶-3）上调（P < 0.001）。组织学检查显示，MET显著引发了脾脏、肾脏和肝脏组织中的多种异常。值得注意的是，给MET组投喂EML饲料可降低鱼类死亡率（14%）并改善所有指标，同时保持组织的组织学完整性。该观点的结论建议使用添加了EML（15克/千克）的饲料来减轻MET对尼罗罗非鱼的毒性有害影响，以维持水产养殖。
