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广谱吩噻嗪类抗真菌构效关系研究

Antifungal Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Broad-Spectrum Phenothiazines.

作者信息

Brosend Samantha C, Guin Soumitra, Giovine Gregory, Gadalla Carlos, Campos Miguel A, Mara Alisa, Jentsch Nicholas G, Thakellapalli Haresh, Alden Kathryn M, Beattie Sarah R, Krysan Damian J, Meyers Marvin J

机构信息

Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, United States.

Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.

出版信息

ACS Omega. 2025 Apr 29;10(18):18347-18355. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c09833. eCollection 2025 May 13.

Abstract

Fungal infections remain a critical unmet medical need with millions of infections occurring annually. With only three classes of antifungal drugs available, drug resistance and modest activity toward some fungi represent threats to human health. To address this, optimization of the antifungal properties of approved drugs with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties represents an attractive strategy. Here, we have shown that the antifungal activity of phenothiazine-based extends to include fluconazole-resistant , , and , filamentous molds such as , spp., and , endemic human fungal pathogens , , and spp. Thus, phenothiazines (PTZs) have consistent antifungal activity toward a broad range of medically relevant fungi, including organisms that range from difficult to nearly impossible to treat with current drugs. Unfortunately, did not exhibit in vivo efficacy in either or mouse infection models, necessitating an effort to optimize the scaffold further. Toward this end, synthesis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are reported for 15 novel PTZ analogs to extend structure-activity relationships (SARs). Six analogs were identified as 2- to 4-fold more potent. Azaphenothiazines (aza-PTZs) were tolerated and resulted in potent antifungals with moderate reduction in lipophilicity and more facile chemical synthesis. One analog displayed modest selectivity improvement against the serotonin 5HT receptor versus , but its overall selectivity profile versus a panel of other serotonin and dopamine receptors did not improve. Overall, the broad-spectrum antifungal activity and reduced neuroreceptor affinity of PTZ-based analogs encourages continued optimization to develop a novel antifungal therapeutic drug.

摘要

真菌感染仍然是一个关键的未满足医疗需求,每年发生数百万例感染。由于仅有三类抗真菌药物可用,耐药性以及对某些真菌的有限活性对人类健康构成威胁。为解决这一问题,优化具有适当药代动力学特性的已批准药物的抗真菌特性是一种有吸引力的策略。在此,我们已表明基于吩噻嗪的抗真菌活性扩展至包括耐氟康唑的白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌和光滑念珠菌,丝状霉菌如曲霉属、镰刀菌属,以及地方性人类真菌病原体荚膜组织胞浆菌、皮炎芽生菌和粗球孢子菌。因此,吩噻嗪类(PTZs)对广泛的医学相关真菌具有一致的抗真菌活性,包括目前药物难以治疗甚至几乎无法治疗的生物体。不幸的是,[具体药物名称]在小鼠感染模型或[另一种小鼠感染模型]中均未表现出体内疗效,则需要进一步努力优化该药物骨架。为此,报告了15种新型PTZ类似物的合成及最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,以扩展构效关系(SARs)。六种类似物被鉴定为效力提高2至4倍。氮杂吩噻嗪(氮杂-PTZs)耐受性良好,并产生了具有适度降低亲脂性和更简便化学合成的强效抗真菌剂。一种类似物对5-羟色胺5HT受体相对于[对比对象]显示出适度的选择性改善,但其相对于一组其他5-羟色胺和多巴胺受体的总体选择性概况并未改善。总体而言,基于PTZ的类似物的广谱抗真菌活性和降低的神经受体亲和力鼓励继续优化,以开发一种新型抗真菌治疗药物。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7f8c/12079586/91635370d701/ao4c09833_0001.jpg

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