Pramanik Rajib
Department of Chemistry, Berhampore Girls' College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742101, India.
Anal Methods. 2025 May 29;17(21):4251-4292. doi: 10.1039/d5ay00300h.
Neurotransmitters are critical in regulating mood, motivation, reward, and various bodily functions. These are necessary elements for cognitive and physical processes. In addition, neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the electrochemical signaling molecules that are crucial for regulating the proper functioning of the brain. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters is associated with several mental disorders. Consequently, detecting and monitoring neurotransmitters are of utmost importance for neurological diagnosis and treatment. Biosensors play a crucial role in detecting and monitoring neurotransmitters like dopamine (DA). This review examines the fundamental nanomaterials and mechanisms utilized in fluorescent-based DA biosensors, with an emphasis on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms. Carbon dots, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have been widely utilized for FRET- and PET-based DA sensing fluorescent probes, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. Beyond these conventional mechanisms, innovative fluorescence strategies such as aggregation-induced emission (AIE), turn-on fluorescent probes, and ratiometric fluorescence approaches have further enhanced dopamine detection. Additionally, advanced fluorescent-based nanomaterials like gold nanoclusters, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymer nanocomposites, and liposome-based sensors have expanded the capabilities of fluorescence biosensing. Various fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy techniques are discussed. Additionally, this review explores emerging technologies and future advancements in fluorescence-based dopamine sensing, highlighting the role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and real-world applicability.
神经递质在调节情绪、动机、奖赏及各种身体功能方面至关重要。这些是认知和身体过程的必要元素。此外，神经递质在对调节大脑正常功能至关重要的电化学信号分子中发挥关键作用。神经递质功能失调与多种精神障碍相关。因此，检测和监测神经递质对神经学诊断和治疗极为重要。生物传感器在检测和监测多巴胺（DA）等神经递质方面发挥着关键作用。本综述探讨了基于荧光的多巴胺生物传感器所使用的基本纳米材料和机制，重点关注荧光共振能量转移（FRET）和光诱导电子转移（PET）机制。碳点、金纳米颗粒、量子点、石墨烯和碳纳米管已被广泛用于基于FRET和PET的多巴胺传感荧光探针，显示出高灵敏度和特异性。除了这些传统机制外，诸如聚集诱导发光（AIE）、开启型荧光探针和比率荧光方法等创新荧光策略进一步提高了多巴胺检测能力。此外，基于荧光的先进纳米材料如金纳米簇、金属有机框架（MOF）、聚合物纳米复合材料和基于脂质体的传感器扩展了荧光生物传感的能力。文中讨论了各种荧光光谱和显微镜技术。此外，本综述探索了基于荧光的多巴胺传感方面的新兴技术和未来进展，强调了纳米材料功能化在提高诊断准确性和实际适用性方面的作用。
