Tareq Al-Hussain Ola, Ramli Harris, Al-Haidarey Mohammed J, Naser Hayder Yasir
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Environment and Pollution Engineering Department, Basrah Engineering Technical College, Southern Technical University, Basrah, Iraq.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 20;15(1):17430. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00702-2.
To address the issue of detecting immediate Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) spillage in subsurface soils, a refined method of Electrical Resistivity (ER) measurement was developed and evaluated in this study. A controlled experiment was conducted using a custom-designed nine-sector soil box to simulate stratified soil conditions. Diesel, an LNAPL surrogate, was injected at varying flow rates (5 ml/min, 25 ml/min, and 50 ml/min) to replicate immediate spillage scenarios. Electrical resistivity measurements were taken over 24 h using a multifunction installation tester, soil samples were analyzed to determine LNAPL concentration. The experimental results showed a significant decrease in ER values with increasing LNAPL concentration, particularly in loam and sandy loam soils, which exhibited higher permeability and facilitated faster LNAPL migration. Non-linear regression models-logarithmic, quadratic, and power-were applied to analyze the relationship between ER and LNAPL concentration. The power model demonstrated the best fit, showing a strong negative correlation (R² up to 0.942) and high statistical significance (p < 0.001). This study highlights the efficacy of ER as a real-time monitoring tool for detecting immediate LNAPL spillage and provides valuable insights into the influence of soil properties on LNAPL migration dynamics. These findings contribute to advancing geotechnical engineering practices and offer a foundation for developing rapid response strategies for environmental monitoring and remediation. Future research should expand on these findings by incorporating larger datasets and diverse soil conditions to further validate the observed relationships.
为了解决检测地下土壤中轻质非水相液体（LNAPL）即时泄漏的问题，本研究开发并评估了一种改进的电阻率（ER）测量方法。使用定制设计的九分区土壤箱进行了一项对照实验，以模拟分层土壤条件。注入柴油（一种LNAPL替代物），流速各不相同（5毫升/分钟、25毫升/分钟和50毫升/分钟），以重现即时泄漏情况。使用多功能安装测试仪在24小时内进行电阻率测量，并分析土壤样本以确定LNAPL浓度。实验结果表明，随着LNAPL浓度的增加，ER值显著下降，尤其是在壤土和砂壤土中，这些土壤具有较高的渗透性，有利于LNAPL更快地迁移。应用非线性回归模型——对数模型、二次模型和幂模型——来分析ER与LNAPL浓度之间的关系。幂模型显示出最佳拟合效果，呈现出很强的负相关性（R²高达0.942）和较高的统计显著性（p < 0.001）。本研究突出了ER作为检测即时LNAPL泄漏的实时监测工具的有效性，并提供了关于土壤性质对LNAPL迁移动态影响的宝贵见解。这些发现有助于推进岩土工程实践，并为制定环境监测和修复的快速响应策略奠定基础。未来的研究应通过纳入更大的数据集和多样的土壤条件来扩展这些发现，以进一步验证观察到的关系。
