Ryu Hyeonmin, Choi Sejin, Cheng Mengwei, Koo Bon-Kyoung, Kim Eun Yu, Lee Ho-Seok, Lee Du-Hwa
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea.
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea; Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China.
Plant Commun. 2025 Jul 14;6(7):101383. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101383. Epub 2025 May 20.
The flagellin-sensing mechanism is one of the most extensively studied topics in plant defense systems. This widespread interest arises from the ability of flagellin to trigger robust and extensive responses, establishing it as a cornerstone for research into other defense mechanisms. Plants recognize bacterial flagellin epitopes through plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors, initiating pattern-triggered immunity as the frontline defense against bacterial pathogens. In this review, we comprehensively summarize flagellin-sensing mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in plants. We compare the flagellin-sensing mechanisms of plants and mammals, focusing on epitope processing and recognition. We present detailed downstream signaling events, from receptor complex formation to transcriptional reprogramming. Furthermore, we highlight the evolutionary arms race between plants and bacteria and incorporate emerging insights into how flagellin-triggered responses are modulated by receptor networking, phytocytokines, and environmental factors. These findings suggest that flagellin-mediated immune responses are highly dynamic and context dependent. By synthesizing current knowledge and recent discoveries, this review provides updated perspectives on plant-microbe interactions and aims to inspire future research in plant immunity.
鞭毛蛋白感知机制是植物防御系统中研究最为广泛的课题之一。这种广泛的关注源于鞭毛蛋白能够引发强烈而广泛的反应，使其成为研究其他防御机制的基石。植物通过位于质膜上的模式识别受体识别细菌鞭毛蛋白表位，启动模式触发免疫，作为对抗细菌病原体的一线防御。在本综述中，我们全面总结了植物中的鞭毛蛋白感知机制和信号转导途径。我们比较了植物和哺乳动物的鞭毛蛋白感知机制，重点关注表位加工和识别。我们介绍了从受体复合物形成到转录重编程的详细下游信号事件。此外，我们强调了植物与细菌之间的进化军备竞赛，并纳入了关于鞭毛蛋白触发的反应如何受到受体网络、植物细胞因子和环境因素调节的新见解。这些发现表明，鞭毛蛋白介导的免疫反应具有高度的动态性和情境依赖性。通过综合当前知识和最新发现，本综述提供了关于植物 - 微生物相互作用的最新观点，旨在激发未来植物免疫研究。
