Pengpid Supa, Peltzer Karl, Santos Lyndon Esconde, Mallari Earl Francis Infante
Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.
Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2025 May 22;20(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13011-025-00652-y.
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, drug education, and associated individual level, family and peer level, school level and community/macro level risk/protective factors of current illicit drug use among in-school adolescents in the Philippines.
The 2019 Philippines Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a nationally representative survey of teenagers aged 11 to 18 (mean age 13.8 years, Standard Deviation-SD = 1.5) that used a multistage sampling technique, provided the study's data. Past 30-day illicit drug use, including cannabis, methamphetamine, ecstasy, rugby (a contact cement used as an adhesive which contains Toluene), and cocaine, was assessed by self-report. In order to determine the variables associated with current illicit drug use, the study used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis.
The proportion of current illicit drug use was 14.1%, 8.6% among girls and 19.1% among boys. In the final adjusted model in relation to individual level risk/protective factors found that male sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio-AOR = 1.81, 95% Confidence Interval-CI = 1.45-2.28), food insecurity (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.33-1.88), psychological distress (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10-1.77), current alcohol use (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.81-2.51) were positively associated and older age (15-18 + years) (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45-0.77) was negatively associated with current drug use. In terms of family and level factors, high parental support (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.32-0.63), having close friends (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38-0.80) and peer support (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.51-0.81) were all negatively associated with current drug use. Regarding school level factors, having been taught where to get help for drug problems (AOR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62-0.94) was inversely associated and having been taught about drug problems was marginally significantly negatively associated with current drug use. Furthermore, school truancy (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.43-2.27) was positively associated with current drug use. Community/macro level factors found that participation in physical fighting (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.24-1.97), and "someone offered, sold, or given you a drug," (AOR = 5.40, 95% CI = 4.42-6.74) were positively associated with current drug use.
One in seven Filipino adolescents engaged in current illicit drug use in 2019. Protective factors (such as high parental and peer support) and drug education were negatively associated with current illicit drug use. Individual and community level factors (such as psychological distress, exposure to drugs, alcohol use, and interpersonal violence) were positively associated with current illicit drug use. School and community programmes and policies may target to decrease psychosocial stressors, promote protective factors, and enhance curriculum-based drug education among adolescents in the Philippines.
本研究旨在评估菲律宾在校青少年当前非法药物使用的流行情况、药物教育，以及与之相关的个人层面、家庭和同伴层面、学校层面和社区/宏观层面的风险/保护因素。
2019年菲律宾全球学校学生健康调查（GSHS）采用多阶段抽样技术，对11至18岁青少年（平均年龄13.8岁，标准差SD = 1.5）进行了全国代表性调查，为该研究提供了数据。通过自我报告评估过去30天内的非法药物使用情况，包括大麻、甲基苯丙胺、摇头丸、强力胶（一种含甲苯的用作粘合剂的接触性胶水）和可卡因。为了确定与当前非法药物使用相关的变量，该研究使用了双变量和多变量逻辑回归分析。
当前非法药物使用的比例为14.1%，女孩为8.6%，男孩为19.1%。在关于个人层面风险/保护因素的最终调整模型中发现，男性（调整后的优势比 - AOR = 1.81，95%置信区间 - CI = 1.45 - 2.28）、粮食不安全（AOR = 1.58，95% CI = 1.33 - 1.88）、心理困扰（AOR = 1.40，95% CI = 1.10 - 1.77）、当前饮酒（AOR = 2.14，95% CI = 1.81 - 2.51）与当前药物使用呈正相关，而年龄较大（15 - 18岁及以上）（AOR = 0.59，95% CI = 0.45 - 0.77）与当前药物使用呈负相关。在家庭和层面因素方面，高父母支持（AOR = 0.45，95% CI = 0.32 - 0.63）、有亲密朋友（AOR = 0.55，95% CI = 0.38 - 0.80）和同伴支持（AOR = 0.65，95% CI = 0.51 - 0.81）均与当前药物使用呈负相关。关于学校层面因素，接受过关于何处获取药物问题帮助的教育（AOR = 0.77，95% CI = 0.62 - 0.94）与当前药物使用呈负相关，而接受过关于药物问题的教育与当前药物使用呈边缘显著负相关。此外，逃学（AOR = 1.80，95% CI = 1.43 - 2.27）与当前药物使用呈正相关。社区/宏观层面因素发现，参与肢体冲突（AOR = 1.56，95% CI = 1.24 - 1.97）以及“有人向你提供、出售或给你毒品”（AOR = 5.40，95% CI = 4.42 - 6.74）与当前药物使用呈正相关。
2019年，七分之一的菲律宾青少年有当前非法药物使用行为。保护因素（如高父母和同伴支持）和药物教育与当前非法药物使用呈负相关。个人和社区层面因素（如心理困扰、接触毒品、饮酒和人际暴力）与当前非法药物使用呈正相关。菲律宾的学校和社区计划及政策可旨在减少心理社会压力源，促进保护因素，并加强针对青少年的基于课程的药物教育。
