Iosub S, Fuchs M, Bingol N, Stone R K, Gromisch D S, Wasserman E
Alcohol. 1985 May-Jun;2(3):521-3. doi: 10.1016/0741-8329(85)90127-2.
The incidence of major congenital malformations was compared in the offspring of mothers who abused alcohol only (group I), versus mothers who abused alcohol and opiates (group II) during pregnancy. In group I the percent of patients with malformations was 33, where as in group II it was 14. The prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome was higher in blacks than Hispanics. Independent of race the alcohol-opiate combination seems less teratogenic to the fetus than alcohol alone.
对孕期仅酗酒的母亲（第一组）与酗酒且滥用阿片类药物的母亲（第二组）的后代中主要先天性畸形的发生率进行了比较。在第一组中，有畸形的患者百分比为33%，而在第二组中为14%。黑人胎儿酒精综合征的患病率高于西班牙裔。与种族无关，酒精与阿片类药物的组合对胎儿的致畸性似乎比单纯酒精更低。
