Singh Sarah Elizabeth, Ostrin Lisa A, Kerber Kristen L, Concepcion Cayle, Gong Celia, Lal Barsha, Flitcroft Ian, Harrington Síofra, Loughman James, Saunders Kathryn, Vera-Diaz Fuensanta A
Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California.
University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas.
Optom Vis Sci. 2025 May 1;102(5):280-288. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000002258. Epub 2025 Apr 28.
Myopia is the most common eye disease and a leading cause of blindness. A contemporary, large, and ethnically and geographically diverse study of ocular biometry and refractive error in children in the United States is needed to help better describe differences between myopic and nonmyopic eyes.
This is an initial cross-sectional report from the Refractive Error and Axial Length Growth Curve Study that includes ocular component data as a function of age, gender, and geographic location. This feasibility report will inform a planned larger longitudinal ocular growth study in children in the United States.
Cross-sectional data on children, ages 3 to 8 years, were collected in three geographic regions: Oakland, California (two preschools and one elementary school), Greater Boston, Massachusetts (one preschool and one elementary school), and Houston, Texas (one preschool). Eye examinations took place at preschools and elementary schools in each region. Objective cycloplegic refractive error, ocular biometry, as well as race, height, weight, and waist circumference data were acquired.
Data were collected between May 2023 and May 2024 on a total of 157 children, ages 5.14 ± 1.77 years, with 83 females, 71 males, and two not reported. Right eye mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error was +0.81 ± 1.46 D (range: -5.88 to +5.75 D), and the mean axial length was 22.47 ± 0.91 mm (range: 20.62 to 25.82 mm). The mean spherical equivalent refractive error did not vary significantly with age. Older children exhibited longer axial lengths, as well as greater height, weight, and waist circumference (p < 0.05 for all).
This feasibility report provides a basis for sample size calculation in preparation for a larger, longitudinal, population-based study. Pilot data show longer axial lengths than previously published data for the same age range, which may indicate generational changes, differences in instrumentation, or differences in race distribution. Updated normative data on eye size and refraction will help eye care professionals diagnose and manage myopia and provide important comparative data for historical and contemporary norms in the United States.
近视是最常见的眼病，也是失明的主要原因。需要在美国进行一项当代的、大规模的、涵盖不同种族和地域的儿童眼生物测量与屈光不正研究，以更好地描述近视和非近视眼睛之间的差异。
这是屈光不正与眼轴长度生长曲线研究的初步横断面报告，其中包括作为年龄、性别和地理位置函数的眼部组件数据。这份可行性报告将为美国一项计划中的更大规模的儿童纵向眼部生长研究提供参考。
收集了加利福尼亚州奥克兰（两所幼儿园和一所小学）、马萨诸塞州大波士顿地区（一所幼儿园和一所小学）以及得克萨斯州休斯顿（一所幼儿园）这三个地理区域3至8岁儿童的横断面数据。在每个区域的幼儿园和小学进行了眼部检查。获取了客观睫状肌麻痹屈光不正、眼生物测量数据，以及种族、身高、体重和腰围数据。
在2023年5月至2024年5月期间共收集了157名儿童的数据，年龄为5.14±1.77岁，其中83名女性，71名男性，2名未报告性别。右眼平均睫状肌麻痹球镜等效屈光不正为+0.81±1.46 D（范围：-5.88至+5.75 D），平均眼轴长度为22.47±0.91毫米（范围：20.62至25.82毫米）。平均球镜等效屈光不正随年龄变化不显著。年龄较大的儿童眼轴长度更长，身高、体重和腰围也更大（所有p值均<0.05）。
这份可行性报告为准备进行一项更大规模的基于人群的纵向研究的样本量计算提供了依据。试点数据显示，与先前发表的同一年龄段数据相比，眼轴长度更长，这可能表明代际变化、仪器差异或种族分布差异。更新后的眼睛大小和屈光的规范数据将有助于眼科护理专业人员诊断和管理近视，并为美国的历史和当代规范提供重要的比较数据。
