The anatomical consequences of acoustic injury: A review and tutorial.

The anatomic consequences of acoustic overstimulation are explored in this presentation, and attention is directed toward issues where improvements in technology and empirical observation are needed before further advances in our understanding can be achieved. Gains have been made in the last decade in appreciating sound-induced cochlear injury, but there is now a need to evaluate not only cochlear pathology but also the functional state of the surviving structures. There is a wealth of information about the susceptibility of inner or outer hair cells to acoustic injury; however, the etiology of this injury is not yet fully understood. In addition, current ideas concerning the effects of noise on hair-cell stereocilia, hair-cell synapses, the cochlear vascular supply, and the central auditory pathways are in a state of flux and are either undergoing revision or emerging. Other issues, such as the basis of temporary or permanent threshold shift at the cellular level, and the individual differences in susceptibility to injury are in need of a fresh approach. It would seem that the time is now ripe to review our knowledge, recognize its gaps, and develop testable hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of acoustic injury to the ear.