Wong Pak Kin, Chen Shou Hao, Ghadikolaei Meisam Ahmadi, Ng Kar Wei, Yuen Lee Simon Ming, Xu Jin Cheng, Lian Zhen Dong, Li Lin, Li Shuli, Ning Zhi, Gali Nirmal Kumar, Fadairo Adebayo Afolabi
Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Aug 15;379:126484. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126484. Epub 2025 May 21.
This study investigates the impact of renewable fuels, specifically three types of biodiesels along with ethanol on the chemical and cell toxicity properties of particulate matter (PM) released from a diesel engine compared to pure diesel. By blending 10 % (by volume) of grape seed biodiesel, spent coffee biodiesel, and eucalyptus oil with diesel, three biodiesel blends (DGs10, DC10, and DEu10, respectively) are produced and subsequently tested. Additionally, an ethanol blend comprising 9 % ethanol and 1 % biodiesel (used as a stabilizer for the blend) is evaluated. The PM compositions from the fuels tested in the present research are also acquired by an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy system via a Scanning Electron Microscope. The amounts of water-soluble total carbon (WSTC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic carbon (WSIC), and their ratios relative to PM mass, are selected to identify water-soluble components via one Organic Carbon Analyzer. To assess the PM volatility and oxidation reactivity, a Thermogravimetric Analyzer is employed. To investigate the adverse effects of PM on cells, four characteristics are examined, which include cell viability, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The analysis indicates that both biodiesel and ethanol blends significantly change the chemical and cellular toxicity properties of PM compared to pure diesel, with ethanol blend demonstrating a more pronounced impact than biodiesel blends. Among biodiesels tested, DGs10 has more potential impact than DC10 and DEu10 in changes of PM chemical and cell toxicity properties, specifically in reducing PM carbon content, activation energy (more oxidation reactivity), and cell death rate and increase in PM oxygen content. These characteristics position DGs10 as a promising option for renewable fuel in diesel engines, benefiting human health, the environment, and the efficiency of PM catalysts.
本研究调查了可再生燃料，特别是三种生物柴油以及乙醇，与纯柴油相比，对柴油发动机排放的颗粒物（PM）的化学和细胞毒性特性的影响。通过将10%（体积）的葡萄籽油生物柴油、废弃咖啡生物柴油和桉叶油与柴油混合，制备了三种生物柴油混合物（分别为DGs10、DC10和DEu10）并随后进行测试。此外，还评估了一种包含9%乙醇和1%生物柴油（用作混合物的稳定剂）的乙醇混合物。本研究中测试燃料的PM成分也通过能量色散X射线光谱系统，经由扫描电子显微镜获得。选择水溶性总碳（WSTC）、水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和水溶性无机碳（WSIC）的含量及其相对于PM质量的比例，通过一台有机碳分析仪来识别水溶性成分。为了评估PM的挥发性和氧化反应活性，采用了热重分析仪。为了研究PM对细胞的不利影响，检测了四个特征，包括细胞活力、细胞活性氧（ROS）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）。分析表明，与纯柴油相比，生物柴油和乙醇混合物均显著改变了PM的化学和细胞毒性特性，其中乙醇混合物的影响比生物柴油混合物更为显著。在所测试的生物柴油中，DGs10在改变PM化学和细胞毒性特性方面比DC10和DEu10具有更大的潜在影响，特别是在降低PM碳含量、活化能（更高的氧化反应活性）以及细胞死亡率和增加PM氧含量方面。这些特性使DGs10成为柴油发动机可再生燃料的一个有前景的选择，有利于人类健康、环境以及PM催化剂的效率。
