Fermentative yeasts play important roles in both ecological and industrial processes, but their distribution and abundance in natural environments are not well understood. We investigated the diversity of yeasts at the northern range limit of their oak tree hosts (Quercus spp.) in Sweden, and identified climatic and ecological conditions governing their distribution. Yeasts were isolated from bark samples from 28 forests and identified to the species level using DNA metabarcoding. Most communities were dominated by species in the Saccharomycetaceae family, especially by species of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces and Pichia. Each genus showed a distinct latitudinal and longitudinal distribution, and both temperature and precipitation metrics predicted significant variation in their abundance. Consistent with this, laboratory assays revealed significant effects of temperature on the growth of strains collected from different longitudes and latitudes. We found that older trees harbour more diverse and more balanced fermentative yeast communities with more evenly distributed species abundances. Communities across trees were more similar when sharing a common dominant species. This work provides a baseline for future studies on the impact of climate change on the fermentative yeast biodiversity of temperate forests in northern latitudes and contributes to a growing collection of wild isolates for potential biotechnological applications.