Niazmoradi M, Kazemi H, Gherekhloo J, Soltani A, Kamkar B
Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Department of Horticulture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 25;15(1):18133. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03443-4.
Intensive agriculture development and achievement to higher profitability has inflicted permanent damage on agroecosystems. Rapid deterioration of structure and functional properties in agroecosystems has intensified the need for research on agroecosystem health and management. To assess the health status of wheat agroecosystems in the agricultural lands of Bandar-e-Turkmen county (Golestan province, Iran), we were used the variables of weed and natural enemies biodiversity, soil health (carbon and organic matter, microbial respiration, earthworm, soil salinity, and acidity), environmental indexes (environmental effects of pesticides (EIQ) and nitrate leaching) and vegetation indexes (RVI, cultivar type, and grain yield). In this study, thematic layers were prepared in ArcGIS and overlayed according to three scenarios. Then final layer was classified into three classes of health. Based on the results, only 8.47% (5 fields) were located in the first health class. These fields were characterized by high grain yield, low weed biodiversity, minimal pesticides use, optimal soil conditions, high RVI, and the presence of earthworms and natural enemies. Also, we found that 42 fields (71.19%) were placed in the second health class. Increase of biodiversity and population of weeds, lower grain yield, and reducing the quantity and quality of soil variables were important factors that reduced the health degree of these fields. Based on the results, 20.34% of the area (12 fields) in the central and western parts of the county was placed in the unhealthy class. It seems that increasing the environmental restrictions, including salinity higher than 6 ds/m, high weed diversity, increasing the consumption of harmful and dangerous pesticides with high environmental impact, and less grain yield than the potential of cultivars, were the main reasons for placing these fields in the unhealthy class. Also, the most important factors of decreasing the health degree of fields, frequency of weeds, increasing consumption of chemical pesticides, low soil organic matter, absence of earthworms, and decreasing grain yield were identified. Generally, management of weeds, implementation of crop rotation, preservation of plant residues on the soil surface, and development of conservation agriculture can help to improve the health indicators of wheat agroecosystems.
集约化农业发展以及实现更高的盈利能力给农业生态系统造成了永久性损害。农业生态系统结构和功能特性的迅速恶化加剧了对农业生态系统健康与管理研究的需求。为评估土库曼港县（伊朗戈勒斯坦省）农田中小麦农业生态系统的健康状况，我们采用了杂草和天敌生物多样性、土壤健康（碳和有机质、微生物呼吸、蚯蚓、土壤盐分和酸度）、环境指标（农药环境影响（EIQ）和硝酸盐淋失）以及植被指数（RVI、品种类型和谷物产量）等变量。在本研究中，在ArcGIS中准备了专题图层，并根据三种情景进行叠加。然后将最终图层分为三个健康等级。根据结果，只有8.47%（5块田地）处于第一健康等级。这些田地的特点是谷物产量高、杂草生物多样性低、农药使用量少、土壤条件最佳、RVI高，并且有蚯蚓和天敌。此外，我们发现42块田地（71.19%）处于第二健康等级。生物多样性和杂草数量的增加、谷物产量降低以及土壤变量的数量和质量下降是降低这些田地健康程度的重要因素。根据结果，该县中部和西部20.34%的面积（12块田地）处于不健康等级。似乎环境限制因素增加，包括盐分高于6 ds/m、杂草多样性高、具有高环境影响的有害和危险农药使用量增加以及谷物产量低于品种潜力，是将这些田地归入不健康等级的主要原因。此外，还确定了降低田地健康程度的最重要因素，即杂草频率、化学农药使用量增加、土壤有机质含量低、没有蚯蚓以及谷物产量下降。总体而言，杂草管理、实施作物轮作、在土壤表面保留植物残茬以及发展保护性农业有助于改善小麦农业生态系统的健康指标。
