Vigezzi Giacomo Pietro, Maggioni Elena, Clavario Laura, Clerico Mosina Lorenzo, Raso Eleonora, Marjin Corina, Parrini Andrea, Carbone Matteo, Fugazza Simone, Marchisio Alberto, Martella Manuela, Mosconi Giansanto, Lo Moro Giuseppina, Bert Fabrizio, De Vito Corrado, Siliquini Roberta, Odone Anna
Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Department of Public Health and Pediatrics Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2025 Dec;24(1):668-702. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2510338. Epub 2025 Jul 29.
Immunization Information Systems (IISs) are essential public health tools, supporting the management and analysis of vaccination data to aid clinical and strategic decision-making.
Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review investigated global state and operational characteristics of IISs. A comprehensive search across multiple databases up to 6 of June 2023, identified 2,612 articles, with 238 included.
A significant increase in IIS research was observed in recent years, with a strong preference (84.5%) for electronic immunization registers (EIRs). Notably, 36% of IISs operate at the national level, and 47.7% meet the U.S. CDC definition, 17.0% are interoperable with personal health records, and 11.7% provide direct access to vaccination data for vaccinees or their guardians. Other key features include automated reminder systems for recipients and providers (12.1%), near real-time or real-time data entry (11.0%), the inclusion of demographic and socioeconomic data (16.7%), and the capacity to document vaccine refusal or hesitancy (10.2%).
IISs contribute to improving population-level surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Persistent limitations related to data standardization, interoperability, and cost-effectiveness evaluation must be addressed. Strengthening these aspects is crucial to fully harness the potential of IISs in various healthcare settings, where enhanced vaccination tracking and targeting are most urgently needed.
免疫信息系统（IISs）是重要的公共卫生工具，支持疫苗接种数据的管理和分析，以辅助临床和战略决策。
遵循PRISMA指南，本系统评价调查了IISs的全球状况和运行特征。截至2023年6月对多个数据库进行全面检索，共识别出2612篇文章，纳入238篇。
近年来IISs研究显著增加，对电子免疫登记册（EIRs）有强烈偏好（84.5%）。值得注意的是，36%的IISs在国家层面运行，47.7%符合美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）的定义，17.0%可与个人健康记录互操作，11.7%为疫苗接种者或其监护人提供疫苗接种数据的直接访问权限。其他关键特征包括针对受种者和提供者的自动提醒系统（12.1%）、近实时或实时数据录入（11.0%）、纳入人口统计学和社会经济数据（16.7%）以及记录疫苗接种拒绝或犹豫情况的能力（10.2%）。
IISs有助于改善对疫苗可预防疾病的人群水平监测。必须解决与数据标准化、互操作性和成本效益评估相关的持续存在的局限性。加强这些方面对于在各种最急需加强疫苗接种跟踪和目标设定的医疗环境中充分发挥IISs的潜力至关重要。
