BACKGROUND

High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an integral part of treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer, requiring accurate segmentation of the high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) and organs at risk (OARs) on post-applicator CT (pCT) for precise and safe dose delivery. Manual contouring, however, is time-consuming and highly variable, with challenges heightened in cervical HDR-BT due to complex anatomy and low tissue contrast. An effective auto-contouring solution could significantly enhance efficiency, consistency, and accuracy in cervical HDR-BT planning.

PURPOSE

To develop a machine learning-based approach that improves the accuracy and efficiency of HR-CTV and OAR segmentation on pCT images for cervical HDR-BT.

METHODS

The proposed method employs two sequential deep learning models to segment target and OARs from planning CT data. The intuitive model, a U-Net, initially segments simpler structures such as the bladder and HR-CTV, utilizing shallow features and iodine contrast agents. Building on this, the sophisticated model targets complex structures like the sigmoid, rectum, and bowel, addressing challenges from low contrast, anatomical proximity, and imaging artifacts. This model incorporates spatial information from the intuitive model and uses total variation regularization to improve segmentation smoothness by applying a penalty to changes in gradient. This dual-model approach improves accuracy and consistency in segmenting high-risk clinical target volumes and organs at risk in cervical HDR-BT. To validate the proposed method, 32 cervical cancer patients treated with tandem and ovoid (T&O) HDR brachytherapy (3-5 fractions, 115 CT images) were retrospectively selected. The method's performance was assessed using four-fold cross-validation, comparing segmentation results to manual contours across five metrics: Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95% Hausdorff distance (HD), mean surface distance (MSD), center-of-mass distance (CMD), and volume difference (VD). Dosimetric evaluations included D90 for HR-CTV and D2cc for OARs.

RESULTS

The proposed method demonstrates high segmentation accuracy for HR-CTV, bladder, and rectum, achieving DSC values of 0.79 ± 0.06, 0.83 ± 0.10, and 0.76 ± 0.15, MSD values of 1.92 ± 0.77 mm, 2.24 ± 1.20 mm, and 4.18 ± 3.74 mm, and absolute VD values of 5.34 ± 4.85 cc, 17.16 ± 17.38 cc, and 18.54 ± 16.83 cc, respectively. Despite challenges in bowel and sigmoid segmentation due to poor soft tissue contrast in CT and variability in manual contouring (ground truth volumes of 128.48 ± 95.9 cc and 51.87 ± 40.67 cc), the method significantly outperforms two state-of-the-art methods on DSC, MSD, and CMD metrics (p-value < 0.05). For HR-CTV, the mean absolute D90 difference was 0.42 ± 1.17 Gy (p-value > 0.05), less than 5% of the prescription dose. Over 75% of cases showed changes within ± 0.5 Gy, and fewer than 10% exceeded ± 1 Gy. The mean and variation in structure volume and D2cc parameters between manual and segmented contours for OARs showed no significant differences (p-value > 0.05), with mean absolute D2cc differences within 0.5 Gy, except for the bladder, which exhibited higher variability (0.97 Gy).

CONCLUSION

Our innovative auto-contouring method showed promising results in segmenting HR-CTV and OARs from pCT, potentially enhancing the efficiency of HDR BT cervical treatment planning. Further validation and clinical implementation are required to fully realize its clinical benefits.