Phetphum Chakkraphan, Lencucha Raphael
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Tobacco Control Research Unit, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Tob Induc Dis. 2025 May 24;23. doi: 10.18332/tid/204301. eCollection 2025.
Tobacco cultivation is associated with financial instability, health risks, and environmental degradation. While Thailand has made progress in tobacco control, challenges remain in supporting farmers with sustainable alternatives. This study examined the perceived economic, health, and environmental impacts of tobacco cultivation among Thai tobacco farmers.
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2021 to January 2022 in Chiang Mai, Phrae, and Sukhothai, the major tobacco-growing provinces in Thailand. A total of 1505 tobacco farmers completed self-administered questionnaires. The instrument measured perceived impacts on a 3-point Likert scale (low to high). Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics are reported along with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models.
Economic impacts were most frequently reported (43.7%), particularly increased debt (47.6%) and income loss (43.5%). Health impacts (31.6%) included symptoms of Green Tobacco Sickness (47.2%) and reduced work capacity (29.9%). Environmental concerns (14.4%) included pesticide contamination (10.8%) and degradation of soil and water resources (10.6%). Higher economic impact was associated with cultivating Virginia tobacco (AOR=6.51; 95% CI: 4.90-8.63), higher level of education (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.01-1.92), contract farming (AOR=1.27; 95% CI: 0.99-1.63), and farming experience (AOR=1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01). Health impact was associated with age (AOR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.03-1.05), land rental (AOR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.58-0.98), female gender (AOR=0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.94), and Virginia cultivation (AOR=0.32; 95% CI: 0.23-0.44). Environmental impact was linked to labor hiring (AOR=2.68; 95% CI: 1.41-5.07) and land rental (AOR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.39-0.79).
Thai tobacco farmers face significant economic, health, and environmental burdens. Policy interventions should promote sustainable alternatives to mitigate these impacts.
烟草种植与经济不稳定、健康风险及环境退化相关。尽管泰国在烟草控制方面取得了进展，但在为烟农提供可持续替代方案方面仍面临挑战。本研究调查了泰国烟农对烟草种植在经济、健康和环境方面的感知影响。
于2021年10月至2022年1月在泰国主要烟草种植省份清迈、帕府和素可泰进行了一项横断面调查。共有1505名烟农完成了自填式问卷。该问卷采用3分李克特量表（从低到高）来衡量感知影响。报告了描述性统计的频率和比例，以及逻辑回归模型的调整后比值比和95%置信区间。
经济影响的报告最为频繁（43.7%），尤其是债务增加（47.6%）和收入损失（43.5%）。健康影响（31.6%）包括绿烟病症状（47.2%）和工作能力下降（29.9%）。环境问题（14.4%）包括农药污染（10.8%）以及土壤和水资源退化（10.6%）。较高的经济影响与种植弗吉尼亚烟草（调整后比值比=6.51；95%置信区间：4.90 - 8.63）、较高教育水平（调整后比值比=1.39；95%置信区间：1.01 - 1.92）、合同种植（调整后比值比=1.27；95%置信区间：0.99 - 1.63）和种植经验（调整后比值比=1.00；95%置信区间：0.99 - 1.01）相关。健康影响与年龄（调整后比值比=1.04；95%置信区间：1.03 - 1.05）、土地租赁（调整后比值比=0.75；95%置信区间：0.58 - 0.98）、女性性别（调整后比值比=0.74；95%置信区间：0.58 - 0.94）以及种植弗吉尼亚烟草（调整后比值比=0.32；95%置信区间：0.23 - 0.44）相关。环境影响与雇佣劳动力（调整后比值比=2.68；95%置信区间：1.41 - 5.07）和土地租赁（调整后比值比=0.56；95%置信区间：0.39 - 0.79）有关。
泰国烟农面临重大的经济、健康和环境负担。政策干预应促进可持续替代方案以减轻这些影响。
