Weiler Hope A, Rondeau Isabelle, Ennis Julie K, Chen Fuqi, Qiao Cunye, Luong The Minh, Daoust Janice L, Esslinger Krista A
Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food and Nutrition Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Bureau of Data, Science and Knowledge Integration, Food and Nutrition Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
J Nutr. 2025 Jul;155(7):2132-2143. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.033. Epub 2025 May 24.
The dietary reference intakes for vitamin D were set in support of adequate vitamin D status. In Canada, the prevalence of inadequate vitamin D status is 19% based on biomarker data.
The objectives of this study are to assess the adequacy of total usual intakes (UIs) of vitamin D of people living in Canada and explore sociodemographic correlates.
Vitamin D intake data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition (n = 19,567, ≥1 y) were used. The prevalence of inadequate UI was defined as the percent below the estimated average requirement (%<EAR, 10 μg/d); risk of excess intakes was defined as the percent above the tolerable upper intake level (%>UL). Intakes (%<EAR and μg/d) of supplement users and nonusers were summarized by age-sex groups and sociodemographic factors. The top natural and fortified [mandated: cow's milk and margarine; voluntary: plant-based beverages (PBBs)] food sources of vitamin D were explored.
In supplement nonusers, %<EAR was ≥85.2% across age-sex groups. In supplement users (33.5%, 95% confidence interval: 32.1%, 34.8%), %<EAR ranged from 7.9% to 54.2% among age-sex groups. Overall, the %>UL was <3%. Total UI of vitamin D in supplement nonusers and users did not vary widely according to sociodemographic factors. Overall, the top 4 food sources of vitamin D were cow's milk and fortified plant-based beverages (FPBBs) combined, margarine, fish, and eggs.
In Canada, the population prevalence of inadequate vitamin D intake is high, although lower among supplement users. Since the time of this survey, dietary guidance advises vitamin D supplementation for people ≥2 y who do not consume a daily food source of vitamin D. Subsequently, the amount of vitamin D in milks, margarines, and FPBB was increased and its addition to yogurts and kefirs was permitted. These strategies may help people living in Canada to achieve adequate intakes of vitamin D.
维生素D的膳食参考摄入量是为支持充足的维生素D状态而设定的。在加拿大，根据生物标志物数据，维生素D状态不足的患病率为19%。
本研究的目的是评估加拿大居民维生素D总通常摄入量（UIs）的充足性，并探讨社会人口学相关因素。
使用了2015年加拿大社区健康调查 - 营养（n = 19,567，≥1岁）中的维生素D摄入量数据。不足的通常摄入量患病率定义为低于估计平均需求量的百分比（%<EAR，10μg/d）；过量摄入风险定义为高于可耐受最高摄入量水平的百分比（%>UL）。补充剂使用者和非使用者的摄入量（%<EAR和μg/d）按年龄 - 性别组和社会人口学因素进行汇总。探讨了维生素D的主要天然和强化[法定：牛奶和人造黄油；自愿：植物性饮料（PBBs）]食物来源。
在非补充剂使用者中，各年龄 - 性别组的%<EAR均≥85.2%。在补充剂使用者中（33.5%，95%置信区间：32.1%，34.8%），各年龄 - 性别组的%<EAR在7.9%至54.2%之间。总体而言，%>UL<3%。非补充剂使用者和使用者的维生素D总通常摄入量根据社会人口学因素的差异不大。总体而言，维生素D的前4种食物来源是牛奶和强化植物性饮料（FPBBs）、人造黄油、鱼类和蛋类。
在加拿大，维生素D摄入不足的人群患病率很高，尽管在补充剂使用者中较低。自本次调查以来，膳食指南建议对于未每日摄入维生素D食物来源的≥2岁人群补充维生素D。随后，牛奶、人造黄油和FPBB中的维生素D含量增加，并且允许在酸奶和开菲尔中添加。这些策略可能有助于加拿大居民实现充足的维生素D摄入量。
