Stachoń Małgorzata, Lachowicz Katarzyna
Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2025 Jun 17;17(12):2024. doi: 10.3390/nu17122024.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has a broad physiological effect, and its deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for many diseases. This study aimed to analyze the dietary intake of vitamin D and the factors determining its intake among Polish post-primary school students. The data obtained were then related to the dietary recommendations for the Polish population.
The study was conducted on a nationwide sample of 3257 male adolescents (aged 14-20 years) recruited from all macroregions of Poland. Dietary vitamin D intake (dVDi) was assessed using the Vitamin D Estimation Only-Food Frequency Questionnaire (VIDEO-FFQ).
The median dietary intake of vitamin D was 4.36 µg daily. This value was below the recommended intake of 15 µg of vitamin D, according to Polish standards, in almost 80% of the study group. The observed dietary vitamin D intake bellow the recommended level ranged from 35.5% of students attending schools in the North-Western macroregion to 93.7% in the Central macroregion, from 45.4% of students attending schools located in the countryside to 92.7% in big cities, from 85.3% among underweight students to 76.7% of obese students, over 77% in both age groups (14-17 and 18-20 years old), and over 78% in both groups: supplementing and not supplementing vitamin D. Fish and fish products provided the highest vitamin D (38.7%), while cereal products and fats provided the lowest (4.49% and 4.35%, respectively). The highest amounts of vitamin D were provided by salmon, rainbow trout, herring, and eel (fish species containing 7-15 µg of vitamin D in 100 g of product), and halibut, mackerel, brook trout, sole, and tuna (fish species containing 1.05-4 µg of vitamin D in 100 g of product), and these fish were consumed in the largest quantities by male adolescents. Dietary vitamin D intake was notably higher in adolescents from the North-Western macroregion of Poland (median: 50.57 vs. 3.72-5.18 µg daily for other macroregions), those attending schools in the countryside (median: 49.49 vs. 3.97-4.39 µg daily for other locations of the school), those with a normal body weight (median: 4.59 vs. 3.38 µg daily for adolescents with underweight), and those who took vitamin D supplements (median: 4.71 vs. 4.06 µg daily for adolescents not supplemented with vitamin D). However, the results showed that dVDi was not dependent on age.
The study results indicate that low dVDi among Polish male adolescents can be attributed to the limited supply of vitamin D from dietary sources, especially fish and fish products. The necessity for interventions has been identified, including nutritional education on the role of vitamin D and its sources in the diet.
背景/目的：骨化三醇作为维生素D的活性形式，具有广泛的生理作用，其缺乏已被确定为多种疾病的危险因素。本研究旨在分析波兰初中后学生维生素D的膳食摄入量及其摄入的决定因素。然后将获得的数据与波兰人群的膳食建议相关联。
该研究在全国范围内对从波兰所有大区域招募的3257名男性青少年（14 - 20岁）进行抽样。膳食维生素D摄入量（dVDi）使用仅用于估计维生素D的食物频率问卷（VIDEO - FFQ）进行评估。
维生素D的每日膳食摄入量中位数为4.36微克。根据波兰标准，几乎80%的研究组该值低于推荐摄入量15微克。观察到膳食维生素D摄入量低于推荐水平的范围从西北大区域上学的学生中的35.5%到中部大区域的93.7%，从农村地区上学的学生中的45.4%到大城市中的92.7%，从体重过轻学生中的85.3%到肥胖学生中的76.7%，两个年龄组（14 - 17岁和18 - 20岁）均超过77%，以及补充和未补充维生素D的两组均超过78%。鱼类和鱼制品提供的维生素D最高（38.7%），而谷物制品和脂肪提供的最低（分别为4.49%和4.35%）。维生素D含量最高的是三文鱼、虹鳟鱼、鲱鱼和鳗鱼（每100克产品含7 - 15微克维生素D的鱼类品种），以及大比目鱼、鲭鱼、溪鳟、鳎鱼和金枪鱼（每100克产品含1.05 - 4微克维生素D的鱼类品种），这些鱼类是男性青少年食用量最大的。波兰西北大区域的青少年膳食维生素D摄入量显著更高（中位数：每日50.57微克，而其他大区域为3.72 - 5.18微克），农村地区上学的青少年（中位数：每日49.49微克，而学校其他地点为3.97 - 4.39微克），体重正常的青少年（中位数：每日4.59微克，而体重过轻的青少年为3.38微克），以及服用维生素D补充剂的青少年（中位数：每日4.71微克，而未补充维生素D的青少年为4.06微克）。然而，结果表明dVDi不依赖于年龄。
研究结果表明，波兰男性青少年中dVDi较低可归因于膳食来源中维生素D供应有限，特别是鱼类和鱼制品。已确定有必要进行干预，包括开展关于维生素D在饮食中的作用及其来源的营养教育。
