Lan Tianyi, Wu Gang, Zuo Bangyou, Yang Jingming, He Pan, Zhang Yu
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 May 12;16:1602877. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1602877. eCollection 2025.
Liver transplantation (LT) is a primary treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, post-transplantation immune regulation is critical to graft survival and long-term patient outcomes. Following liver transplantation, the recipient's immune system mounts a response against the graft, while the graft promotes anti-rejection immune reactions and the establishment of immune tolerance. In recent years, advances in the study of the immune microenvironment have provided new insights into post-transplantation immune regulation. Meanwhile, immunotherapy strategies have opened new possibilities for improving transplantation success rates and long-term survival. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy following liver transplantation, focusing on key components of the transplant immune microenvironment, their regulatory networks and mechanisms, major immunosuppressive strategies, emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, and current challenges. The aim was to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing clinical practice.
肝移植（LT）是终末期肝病患者的主要治疗选择。然而，移植后的免疫调节对于移植物存活和患者长期预后至关重要。肝移植后，受者的免疫系统会对移植物产生反应，而移植物则促进抗排斥免疫反应和免疫耐受的建立。近年来，免疫微环境研究的进展为移植后免疫调节提供了新的见解。同时，免疫治疗策略为提高移植成功率和长期生存率开辟了新的可能性。本综述总结了肝移植后免疫微环境和免疫治疗方面的最新进展，重点关注移植免疫微环境的关键组成部分、其调控网络和机制、主要免疫抑制策略、新兴免疫治疗方法以及当前面临的挑战。目的是为优化临床实践提供理论基础。
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