Biroli Matteo, Fazzari Fabio, Cannata Francesco, De Peppo Vincenzo, Ferrari Cristina, Giacari Carlo Maria, Gennari Marco, Olivares Paolo, Muratori Manuela, Pepi Mauro, Pontone Gianluca, De Marco Federico
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
Department of Peri-Operative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy.
J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025 Apr 23;12(5):165. doi: 10.3390/jcdd12050165.
Tricuspid regurgitation is a common valvular disease associated with high morbidity and mortality if left untreated. While surgery has been the standard intervention, transcatheter tricuspid edge-to-edge repair (T-TEER) has emerged as an alternative for high-risk surgical candidates. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold-standard imaging modality for guiding T-TEER due to its high spatial and temporal resolution. However, it requires general anesthesia and esophageal intubation, limiting its use in certain patients. Additionally, TEE image quality may be compromised by anterior structure shadowing, which is common in T-TEER. The development of 4D intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) offers real-time, three-dimensional imaging, potentially overcoming these limitations. This study compared TEE and Acuson AcuNav 4D-ICE in guiding T-TEER in ten high-risk patients across eight crucial procedural steps. ICE showed optimal feasibility in key procedural steps, including valve steering and leaflet grasping, due to its proximity to target structures, minimizing shadowing artifacts. Both modalities performed equally in lesion identification and residual regurgitation assessment and achieved non-statistically different results in most quantitative measurements. This study supports the integration of 4D-ICE into T-TEER procedures, particularly for patients unsuited for TEE or with complex TEE windows. Its real-time imaging, reduced invasiveness, and feasibility in critical steps highlight its potential as a viable alternative or complement to TEE. Further multicenter studies are needed to validate its role, optimize protocols, and evaluate long-term outcomes in 4D-ICE-guided T-TEER.
三尖瓣反流是一种常见的瓣膜疾病,如果不治疗,会导致高发病率和死亡率。虽然手术一直是标准的干预措施,但经导管三尖瓣缘对缘修复术(T-TEER)已成为高风险手术候选者的替代方案。经食管超声心动图(TEE)因其高空间和时间分辨率,是指导T-TEER的金标准成像方式。然而,它需要全身麻醉和食管插管,限制了其在某些患者中的应用。此外,TEE图像质量可能会受到前部结构阴影的影响,这在T-TEER中很常见。四维心腔内超声心动图(ICE)的发展提供了实时三维成像,有可能克服这些限制。本研究在八个关键手术步骤中,对十名高风险患者使用TEE和阿库松AcuNav四维ICE指导T-TEER进行了比较。由于ICE靠近目标结构,减少了阴影伪像,在包括瓣膜操纵和瓣叶抓取在内的关键手术步骤中显示出最佳的可行性。两种方式在病变识别和残余反流评估方面表现相当,在大多数定量测量中取得了无统计学差异的结果。本研究支持将四维ICE纳入T-TEER手术,特别是对于不适合TEE或TEE窗口复杂的患者。其实时成像、较低的侵入性以及在关键步骤中的可行性突出了其作为TEE可行替代方案或补充方案的潜力。需要进一步的多中心研究来验证其作用、优化方案并评估四维ICE引导的T-TEER的长期结果。
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