Cognitive Impairment-Associated Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease: A Hospital-Based Study in a Cohort of Upper Egypt Parkinson's Patients.

Cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major burden and significantly affects patients' quality of life. Previous studies found that older age at onset and presence of the akinetic-rigid (AR) subtype are associated with an increased likelihood of CI in PD. The present study aimed to assess factors that are related to the development of CI in PD. Eighty-three PD patients were consecutively recruited. Demographic information, clinical details, Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), walking speed, and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) were assessed. Resting motor threshold (rMT), was also assessed for subgroup of patients with versus without cognitive impairment. According to the MoCA cut-off score of 26, 45 had PD without CI (PD-NCI) (54.22%) and 38 cases (45.78%) had PD with CI (PD-CI). The age and age at onset were significantly older in the PD-CI group ( = 0.006 and 0.018, respectively). The patients were reclassified into AR and tremor-dominant (TR) phenotype. PD-CI patients were more likely to have the AR (81.6%). Walking speed, MDS-UPDRS score, and IADL scores were significantly worse in PD-CI than in PD-NCI. Stepwise linear regression analysis of risk factors associated CI revealed that higher MDS-UPDRS scores, later age of onset, and higher rMT values were considered risk factors for developing CI. Higher UPDRS score, later age of onset, and higher rMT values were considered as risk factors associated CI in PD patients and provide valuable insights for further investigation and potential clinical considerations.