Lee Jihye, Marshall Teresa, Buck Harleah, Pamela Mulder, Daack-Hirsch Sandra
College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
Children (Basel). 2025 May 9;12(5):616. doi: 10.3390/children12050616.
: Growth failure is a common complication in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), yet its underlying mechanisms and consequences remain incompletely understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of growth failure in children with CHD and outline a framework of factors contributing to this condition. To lay the foundation for this narrative review, several databases were searched using broad search terms related to CHD and growth failure. : Growth failure is most pronounced during the first year of life, but often improves after achieving hemodynamic stability through surgical or medical interventions. However, children with complex conditions, such as single-ventricle physiology or multiple heart defects, may experience persistent growth impairment due to chronic disease effects. Specific features of CHD-cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, and low cardiac output-can further hinder growth by disrupting endocrine function and impairing musculoskeletal development. Long-term use of medications and exposure to repeated diagnostic procedures also contribute to growth failure. Beyond physical effects, growth failure profoundly influences neurodevelopment, psychosocial well-being, and survival outcomes. Based on our review, we have developed a knowledge map to better understand the complexities of growth failure in children with CHD. : A thorough understanding of the multifaceted contributors to growth failure in CHD is essential for identifying high-risk children and devising strategies to support optimal growth. Integrating this knowledge into clinical practice can improve long-term outcomes for children with CHD.
生长发育迟缓是先天性心脏病（CHD）患儿常见的并发症，但其潜在机制和后果仍未完全明了。本综述旨在全面概述CHD患儿的生长发育迟缓情况，并概述导致这种情况的因素框架。为进行本叙述性综述奠定基础，我们使用了与CHD和生长发育迟缓相关的宽泛检索词对多个数据库进行了检索。生长发育迟缓在生命的第一年最为明显，但通过手术或药物干预实现血流动力学稳定后通常会有所改善。然而，患有复杂病情的儿童，如单心室生理状况或多种心脏缺陷，可能会因慢性疾病影响而持续存在生长发育障碍。CHD的特定特征——青紫、肺动脉高压和低心输出量——可通过扰乱内分泌功能和损害肌肉骨骼发育进一步阻碍生长。长期使用药物以及接受反复的诊断程序也会导致生长发育迟缓。除了身体影响外，生长发育迟缓还会深刻影响神经发育、心理社会福祉和生存结果。基于我们的综述，我们绘制了一张知识图谱，以更好地理解CHD患儿生长发育迟缓的复杂性。对CHD生长发育迟缓的多方面影响因素有透彻的了解，对于识别高危儿童和制定支持最佳生长的策略至关重要。将这些知识融入临床实践可以改善CHD患儿的长期预后。
