Kiatti Dieu Donné, Serrapica Francesco, Musco Nadia, Di Palo Rossella, Calabrò Serena
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80138 Naples, Italy.
Animals (Basel). 2025 May 17;15(10):1454. doi: 10.3390/ani15101454.
Pineapple ( L.), cashew ( L.) and mango ( L.) are among the most cultivated plants in tropical and subtropical regions due to the high demand around the world. Following the harvesting and processing of pineapple, cashew and mango fruits, a huge amount of waste is generated, which is generally discarded into the environment, contributing to global pollution and water contamination. This study aims to propose alternative feeds for pigs by characterizing cashew, pineapple and mango fruit by-products through an in vitro two-step (gastro-intestinal and caecum) study to provide feeds not competing with humans and promoting eco-sustainable livestock. Ten by-products [i.e., pineapple peel and pomace; cashew nut testa, cashew (var. yellow) whole fruit and pomace; cashew (var. red) whole fruit and pomace; mango peel, kernel and testa] were sampled in Benin. The samples involved chemical analysis and an in vitro two-step digestion method (enzymatic + microbial digestibility). The results report a low dry matter (DM) content specifically in the pomace, peel and whole apple (13.0-27.2%), while higher lipids were observed for cashew nut testa and mango kernel (26.4 and 11.2% DM). The investigated by-products fall within the interval of referenced feeds for structural carbohydrates (NDF: 7.6-47.1% DM) and protein (6.21-51.2% DM), except mango by-products with a low content of protein (2.51-4.69% DM). The total dry matter digestibility, short-chain fatty acid and gas production were low for cashew by-products and stopped after 48 h of incubation. Pineapple pomace, cashew whole apple, pomace and testa can be considered as feedstuff in fattening pigs, presenting characteristics partly similar to beet pulp. Indeed, mango peel and kernel should be combined with a protein feed source to feed pigs. Presently, fruit by-products, such as those from cashew, pineapple and mango, are thrown into the environment, contributing to global warming and water pollution. These problems would be reduced by recycling these wastes in other fields, such as pig nutrition, creating a circular economy to provide feeds promoting eco-sustainable livestock. Indeed, in vivo studies are needed before proposing these by-products for pig diets.
菠萝（凤梨属）、腰果（腰果属）和芒果（芒果属）是热带和亚热带地区种植最为广泛的植物，因为全球对其需求很高。在菠萝、腰果和芒果果实收获及加工后，会产生大量废弃物，这些废弃物通常被丢弃到环境中，造成全球污染和水污染。本研究旨在通过体外两步法（胃肠道和盲肠）对腰果、菠萝和芒果果实副产品进行特性分析，从而为猪提出替代饲料，以提供不与人竞争的饲料，并促进生态可持续畜牧业发展。在贝宁采集了十种副产品[即菠萝皮和果渣；腰果种皮、（黄变种）腰果全果和果渣；（红变种）腰果全果和果渣；芒果皮、果仁及种皮]。对这些样品进行了化学分析及体外两步消化法（酶解+微生物消化率）分析。结果显示，果渣、果皮和整个苹果中的干物质（DM）含量较低（13.0 - 27.2%），而腰果种皮和芒果果仁中的脂质含量较高（分别为26.4%和11.2% DM）。除蛋白质含量较低的芒果副产品（2.51 - 4.69% DM）外，所研究的副产品在结构性碳水化合物（中性洗涤纤维：7.6 - 47.1% DM）和蛋白质（6.21 - 51.2% DM）的参考饲料区间内。腰果副产品的总干物质消化率、短链脂肪酸和气体产生量较低，且在培养48小时后停止。菠萝果渣、腰果全果、果渣和种皮可被视为育肥猪的饲料，其特性部分类似于甜菜粕。实际上，芒果皮和果仁应与蛋白质饲料源配合用于喂猪。目前，腰果、菠萝和芒果等水果副产品被丢弃到环境中，导致全球变暖及水污染。通过在其他领域（如猪营养领域）回收这些废弃物，可减少这些问题，创造循环经济，提供促进生态可持续畜牧业的饲料。实际上，在将这些副产品用于猪日粮之前，还需要进行体内研究。
