BACKGROUND

The tissues of origin and molecular mechanisms underlying human complex diseases remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have leveraged transcriptomic data to interpret genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for identifying disease-relevant tissues and fine-mapping causal genes. However, according to the central dogma, proteins more directly reflect cellular molecular activities than RNA. Therefore, in this study, we integrated proteomic data with GWAS to identify disease-associated tissues and genes.

METHODS

We compiled proteomic and paired transcriptomic data for 12,229 genes across 32 human tissues from the GTEx project. Using three tissue inference approaches-S-LDSC, MAGMA, and DESE-we analyzed GWAS data for six representative complex diseases (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, coronary artery disease, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 2 diabetes), with an average sample size of 260 K. We systematically compared disease-associated tissues and genes identified using proteomic versus transcriptomic data.

RESULTS

Tissue-specific protein abundance showed a moderate correlation with RNA expression (mean correlation coefficient = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.42-0.49). Proteomic data accurately identified disease-relevant tissues, such as the association between brain regions and schizophrenia and between coronary arteries and coronary artery disease. Compared to GWAS-based gene association estimates alone, incorporating proteomic data significantly improved gene association detection (AUC difference test, = 0.0028). Furthermore, proteomic data revealed unique disease-associated genes that were not identified using transcriptomic data, such as the association between bipolar disorder and .

CONCLUSIONS

Integrating proteomic data enables accurate identification of disease-associated tissues and provides irreplaceable advantages in fine-mapping genes for complex diseases.