Physicochemical and Rheological Characteristics of Monofloral Honeys-Kinetics of Creaming-Crystallization.

The quality and stability of honeys are strongly influenced by their chemical composition and physicochemical properties, which vary with botanical origin. This study examined the physicochemical and compositional properties of cotton, heather, orange, thyme, Christ's thorn, and chestnut monofloral honey samples, as well as the kinetics of the creaming-crystallization process by monitoring rheological and color parameters. All samples had moisture content lower than the legislation limit (<20%) and a ≤ 0.60. Chestnut and heather honeys exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and darkest color. Fructose was the predominant sugar in all samples, with thyme having the highest content. Viscosity decreased exponentially with increasing moisture, with thyme honey being the most viscous. Principal component analysis showed distinct clustering of samples based on their compositional-physicochemical characteristics. Calorimetry revealed the water's plasticization effect on honey solids, lowering their glass transition temperature, with the data fitting well to the Gordon-Taylor model. Rheometry indicated a Newtonian-like behavior for liquid honeys, evolving towards a pseudoplastic response upon creaming-crystallization. Cotton honey crystallized rapidly, thyme honey showed moderate crystallization propensity, while samples of heather honey gave a diverse response depending on composition. Overall, high glucose content and/or low fructose/glucose ratio promoted honey crystallization, leading to the formation of highly viscous-creamed honey preparations.