Smolarz Beata, Biernacka Karolina, Łukasiewicz Honorata, Samulak Dariusz, Piekarska Ewa, Romanowicz Hanna, Makowska Marianna
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland.
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 12;26(10):4611. doi: 10.3390/ijms26104611.
Global epidemiological reports indicate a steady increase in the tendency to develop ovarian cancer. The symptoms of ovarian cancer are non-specific, and there is no effective screening tool. Most often, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, alone or in combination, are used to treat ovarian cancer. We have a better understanding of the biology of ovarian cancer, the genetic basis of hereditary ovarian cancer, the stage of the disease, and the role of cytoreductive surgery and more effective chemotherapy, which translates into an increase in the percentage of patients who survive 5 years after diagnosis. A growing body of evidence points to the role of genetic factors in the development of cancer. It is known that mutations in the gene are responsible for an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. The role of other genetic disorders, such as polymorphic variants, in increasing the risk of developing cancer is still being investigated. Ovarian cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer and its steroid hormones are estrogens. Estrogens affect cells through the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. An imbalance between ERα and ERβ receptor expression may, therefore, be a key step in estrogen-dependent carcinogenesis. In 60% of cancer cases, significantly elevated levels of ERα receptors are detected. The ERα receptor is encoded by the gene, so its polymorphisms can be considered molecular markers of ovarian cancer. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, genetic testing, treatment, and diagnosis of ovarian cancer, as well as providing an overview of standard treatment approaches and new, targeted biologic therapies.
全球流行病学报告显示，卵巢癌的发病趋势呈稳步上升。卵巢癌的症状不具有特异性，且没有有效的筛查工具。大多数情况下，单独或联合使用手术、化疗和放疗来治疗卵巢癌。我们对卵巢癌的生物学特性、遗传性卵巢癌的遗传基础、疾病分期以及减瘤手术和更有效化疗的作用有了更深入的了解，这使得诊断后存活5年的患者比例有所增加。越来越多的证据表明遗传因素在癌症发展中的作用。已知该基因的突变会导致卵巢癌发病风险增加。其他遗传疾病，如多态性变体，在增加癌症发病风险中的作用仍在研究中。卵巢癌是一种激素依赖性癌症，其甾体激素为雌激素。雌激素通过雌激素受体ERα和ERβ影响细胞。因此，ERα和ERβ受体表达之间的失衡可能是雌激素依赖性致癌作用的关键步骤。在60%的癌症病例中，检测到ERα受体水平显著升高。ERα受体由该基因编码，因此其多态性可被视为卵巢癌的分子标志物。本文讨论了卵巢癌的流行病学、发病机制、危险因素、基因检测、治疗和诊断，以及概述了标准治疗方法和新的靶向生物疗法。
