Özgün Muhammed İhsan, Erci Vildan, Madenci Emrah, Erci Fatih
Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Türkiye.
Department of Soil Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Türkiye.
Polymers (Basel). 2025 May 14;17(10):1337. doi: 10.3390/polym17101337.
The increasing demand for the development of environmentally friendly alternatives to petroleum-derived materials has increased research efforts on sustainable polymer composites. This study systematically examined the effect of nano-biochar derived from agricultural wastes such as olive pulp on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy-resin-based composites. First, the biochar from olive pulp was produced by pyrolysis at 450 °C and turned to nano-biochar using ball milling. Composite samples containing nano-biochar at different rates between 0 and 10% were prepared. The nano-biochar and composite samples were characterized by using different techniques such as SEM-EDS, BET, FTIR, XRD, Raman, TGA, and DMA analyses. Also, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, Shore D hardness, thermal stability, and static toughness of the composite samples were evaluated. The best performance was observed in the sample containing 6% nano-biochar; the ultimate tensile strength increased from 17.37 MPa to 23.46 MPa compared to pure epoxy, and the elastic modulus and hardness increased. However, a decrease in brittleness and toughness was observed at higher additive rates. FTIR and DMA analyses indicated that the nano-biochar interacted strongly with the epoxy matrix and increased its thermal stability. The results showed that the olive-pulp-derived nano-biochar could be used to improve the structural and thermal properties of the epoxy composites as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly filler. As a result, this study contributes to the production of new polymer-based materials that will encourage the production of environmentally friendly composites with nano-scale biochar obtained from olive waste, which is an easily accessible, renewable by-product.
对石油衍生材料开发环保替代品的需求不断增加，这加大了对可持续聚合物复合材料的研究力度。本研究系统地考察了源自橄榄果肉等农业废弃物的纳米生物炭对环氧树脂基复合材料力学性能和热性能的影响。首先，通过在450℃下热解制备了来自橄榄果肉的生物炭，并使用球磨将其转化为纳米生物炭。制备了含有0%至10%不同比例纳米生物炭的复合样品。通过扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析（SEM-EDS）、比表面积分析（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析（FTIR）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、拉曼光谱分析、热重分析（TGA）和动态热机械分析（DMA）等不同技术对纳米生物炭和复合样品进行了表征。此外，还评估了复合样品的拉伸强度、弹性模量、邵氏D硬度、热稳定性和静态韧性。在含有6%纳米生物炭的样品中观察到最佳性能；与纯环氧树脂相比，极限拉伸强度从17.37MPa提高到23.46MPa，弹性模量和硬度增加。然而，在较高添加比例下观察到脆性和韧性下降。FTIR和DMA分析表明，纳米生物炭与环氧树脂基体强烈相互作用并提高了其热稳定性。结果表明，源自橄榄果肉的纳米生物炭可作为一种廉价且环保的填料用于改善环氧复合材料的结构和热性能。因此，本研究有助于生产新型聚合物基材料，这将促进利用从橄榄废料中获得的纳米级生物炭生产环保复合材料，橄榄废料是一种易于获取的可再生副产品。
