Piarulli Stefania, Sørensen Lisbet, Amat Laura Martínez, Farkas Julia, Khan Essa Ahsan, Arukwe Augustine, Gomiero Alessio, Booth Andy M, Gomes Tânia, Hansen Bjørn Henrik
Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim 7010, Norway.
Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim 7010, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 15;494:138699. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138699. Epub 2025 May 22.
Despite the growing number of ecotoxicity studies on microplastics, few have successfully distinguished between the effects of particles and leached chemicals on organisms. This study assessed the role of car tire rubber (CTR) as both a particle contaminant and a chemical carrier. Early life stages (ELS) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to three CTR treatments tested at 1, 10, and 100 mg CTR L⁻¹ : (1) pre-leached CTR particles (CTR-PART), (2) chemicals leached from CTR (CTR-LEACH), and (3) CTR particles with both leached and unleached chemicals (CTR-BOTH). The chemical composition of both particles and leachates was analysed using GC-MS and pyrolysis GC-MS. Investigated endpoints included hatching success, mortality, developmental alterations, and gene expression. While low and medium exposure concentrations had minimal effects compared to control treatments, high CTR-LEACH and CTR-BOTH exposures significantly reduced hatching success and increased the larvae mortality, while CTR-PART did not have any effect. Developmental alterations occurred at high concentrations of all treatments, with severity ranked as CTR-BOTH > CTR-LEACH > CTR-PART. The expression of stress-related genes (mt, gst3a, cat, sod) followed the same pattern. These findings suggest that leached chemicals drive CTR toxicity in cod ELS, while physical particles enhancing their effects.
尽管针对微塑料的生态毒性研究数量不断增加，但很少有研究能够成功区分颗粒和沥出化学物质对生物体的影响。本研究评估了汽车轮胎橡胶（CTR）作为颗粒污染物和化学物质载体的作用。将大西洋鳕鱼（Gadus morhua）的早期生命阶段暴露于三种CTR处理中，测试浓度分别为1、10和100 mg CTR L⁻¹：（1）预沥出的CTR颗粒（CTR-PART），（2）从CTR中沥出的化学物质（CTR-LEACH），以及（3）含有沥出和未沥出化学物质的CTR颗粒（CTR-BOTH）。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和热解气相色谱-质谱联用仪（pyrolysis GC-MS）分析颗粒和沥出液的化学成分。研究的终点包括孵化成功率、死亡率、发育改变和基因表达。与对照处理相比，低浓度和中等浓度暴露的影响最小，而高浓度的CTR-LEACH和CTR-BOTH暴露显著降低了孵化成功率并增加了幼虫死亡率，而CTR-PART没有任何影响。在所有处理的高浓度下均出现了发育改变，严重程度排序为CTR-BOTH > CTR-LEACH > CTR-PART。应激相关基因（mt、gst3a、cat、sod）的表达遵循相同模式。这些发现表明，沥出的化学物质导致了鳕鱼早期生命阶段中CTR的毒性，而物理颗粒增强了它们的影响。
