A retrospective study on the association of ambient air pollutants and temperature co-exposure with female infertility risk in Chengdu, China.

Few studies explored air pollution's role in female infertility, especially with temperature factors. Investigating these effects is essential given global climate change and declining fertility rates. This retrospective study, conducted in Chengdu, China, included 1158 patients with primary infertility, 804 patients with secondary infertility, and 1809 fertile women who visited outpatient clinics between 2018 and 2023. Individual exposure levels to six air pollutants and temperatures were determined based on residential addresses. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the associations between air pollutants, temperature, and female infertility across five exposure windows (3-36 months before diagnosis). A stratified analysis by age was performed, and the interactions and combined exposure effects were further evaluated. Exposure to NO during 6 and 24 months before diagnosis was associated with a higher risk of primary infertility [OR (95% CI) = 1.17 (1.06-1.28); 1.08 (1.03-1.14)], exposure to PM during 24 months before diagnosis was associated with a higher likelihood of primary infertility (OR = 1.32 [1.04-1.57]). Exposure to PM during the 3 months before diagnosis had a higher risk of secondary infertility (OR = 1.32 [1.08-1.56]), as well as during the 36 months before diagnosis (OR = 1.08 [1.01-1.13]). PM exposure during the 3 months, 12, and 36 months before diagnosis (OR = 1.09 [1.01-1.17]; 1.21 [1.05-1.38]; 1.14 [1.03-1.23]), was associated with a higher risk of secondary infertility. Higher temperature exposure in the 3 months before diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of both primary and secondary infertility [OR = 0.92 (0.85-0.96); 0.91 (0.83-0.95)]. Women under 32 years of age exhibited increased sensitivity to NO, CO, and temperature exposure. Additionally, co-exposure to low temperatures and high concentrations of SO or NO heightened the risk of primary infertility during the 3 months before diagnosis [OR = 1.86 (1.12-3.04); 1.62 (1.13-2.33)]. Co-exposure to low temperatures and high concentrations of PM increased the risk of secondary infertility during 3, 12, and 36 months before diagnosis [OR = 1.51 (1.13-2.03); 1.48 (1.07-2.21); 1.71 (1.13-2.52)]. This study emphasizes the potential for mitigating female infertility risk through reduced exposure to NO, PM, and PM, and by appropriately adjusting environmental temperatures.