Hood Robert B, Hart Jaime E, Laden Francine, Rosner Bernard, Chavarro Jorge E, Gaskins Audrey J
Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2023 Oct;131(10):107003. doi: 10.1289/EHP12110. Epub 2023 Oct 4.
It remains unclear whether and childhood exposure to air pollution affects pubertal development, particularly age of menarche in girls.
The aim of this study was to determine whether residential ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure and during childhood is associated with age of menarche.
We studied 5,201 girls in the Growing Up Today Study 2 (2004-present) who were 10-17 y of age at enrollment (47.7% premenarchal; 52.3% postmenarchal). Exposure to three size fractions of PM [fine PM with aerodynamic diameter (), PM with aerodynamic diameters (), and PM with aerodynamic diameter ()] was assigned based on maternal residential address, updated every 2 y, using nationwide spatiotemporal models. We estimated average PM exposure , and time-varying windows: annual average exposure in the prior 1 and 2 y and cumulative average from birth. Age of menarche was self-reported on three surveys administered in 2004, 2006, and 2008. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) for menarche for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM exposure using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for potential confounders.
Girls attained menarche at 12.3 y of age on average. In the adjusted model, higher residential exposure to ambient during all time windows was associated with earlier age of menarche. The HRs of menarche for each IQR () increase in exposure to during the period, 1 y prior to menarche, and throughout childhood were 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.06], 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.10) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.10), respectively. Effect estimates for exposure were similar, albeit attenuated, for all time windows. exposure was not associated with age of menarche.
Among a large, nationwide, prospective cohort of U.S. girls, higher exposure to and and throughout childhood was associated with an earlier age of menarche. Our results suggest that and may have endocrine-disrupting properties that could lead to altered timing of menarche. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12110.
儿童时期暴露于空气污染是否会影响青春期发育，尤其是女孩的月经初潮年龄，目前尚不清楚。
本研究的目的是确定儿童时期居住环境中的细颗粒物（PM）暴露是否与月经初潮年龄有关。
我们在“今日成长研究2”（2004年至今）中研究了5201名女孩，她们在入组时年龄为10 - 17岁（47.7%处于月经初潮前；52.3%处于月经初潮后）。根据母亲的居住地址，使用全国时空模型，每2年更新一次，来确定她们暴露于三种粒径的PM [空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的细颗粒物（PM2.5）、空气动力学直径2.5 - 10μm的颗粒物（PM2.5 - 10）和空气动力学直径＞10μm的颗粒物（PM10）]的情况。我们估计了平均PM暴露量以及随时间变化的窗口：前1年和前2年的年平均暴露量以及从出生开始的累积平均暴露量。月经初潮年龄是通过2004年、2006年和2008年进行的三次调查中自我报告获得的。我们使用Cox比例风险模型，在调整潜在混杂因素后，计算PM暴露量每增加一个四分位数间距（IQR）时月经初潮的风险比（HR）。
女孩的月经初潮平均年龄为12.3岁。在调整后的模型中，在所有时间窗口内，居住环境中更高的环境PM2.5暴露与更早的月经初潮年龄相关。在月经初潮期间、月经初潮前1年以及整个儿童时期，PM2.5暴露量每增加一个IQR（μg/m³），月经初潮的HR分别为1.03 [95%置信区间（CI）：1.00，1.06]、1.06（95%CI：1.02，1.10）和1.06（95%CI：1.02，1.10）。在所有时间窗口内，PM2.5 - 10暴露的效应估计值相似，尽管有所减弱。PM10暴露与月经初潮年龄无关。
在美国一个大型的全国性前瞻性队列女孩中，整个儿童时期更高的PM2.5和PM2.5 - 10暴露与更早的月经初潮年龄相关。我们的结果表明，PM2.5和PM2.5 - 10可能具有内分泌干扰特性，这可能导致月经初潮时间改变。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12110。
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