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GRF转录因子的WRC结构域:结构与DNA识别

The WRC domain of GRF transcription factors: Structure and DNA recognition.

作者信息

Biglione Franco A, González Schain Nahuel D, Palatnik Javier F, Rasia Rodolfo M

机构信息

Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET-UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina.

Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.

出版信息

Protein Sci. 2025 Jun;34(6):e70172. doi: 10.1002/pro.70172.

Abstract

Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) belong to a family of transcription factors found in plants which display important roles in growth and development. GRF transcriptional activity is finely tuned by regulatory processes involving post-transcriptional repression exerted by microRNA miR396, and protein-protein interactions involving a family of co-transcriptional regulators known as GRF-interacting factors (GIFs). In this way, the activity of GRF target genes is modulated by a highly complex interplay between GRF/GIF isoform diversity and expression patterns along with miR396 and GIF gradients throughout plant tissues. At the protein level, GRFs are composed of two highly evolutionarily conserved domains known as QLQ and WRC and a less conserved C-terminal trans-activation domain. Whereas QLQ mediates GRF-GIF interaction by forming a complex with a conserved domain called SNH (by SYT N-terminal homology) found in GIFs' N-terminal region, the WRC has been proposed as a putative zinc finger domain responsible for target DNA recognition and nuclear import. However, the structural aspects governing GRF transcriptional activity and target recognition remain unknown. In this work, we applied bioinformatic and biophysical analysis to comprehensively characterize the structural features that modulate the biological function of this protein family with a focus on the WRC domain. We provide insights into the structure of the WRC domain in GRFs and explore the WRC features driving GRFs:DNA complex formation. These findings offer new insights into how WRC domains modulate the biological functions of GRFs, laying the groundwork for future studies on their structure-function relationship in gene regulation and development of plants.

摘要

生长调节因子(GRFs)属于植物中发现的一类转录因子家族,在生长和发育过程中发挥重要作用。GRF转录活性通过多种调控过程进行精细调节,这些过程包括由微小RNA miR396施加的转录后抑制,以及涉及一类被称为GRF相互作用因子(GIFs)的共转录调节因子的蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用。通过这种方式,GRF靶基因的活性受到GRF / GIF亚型多样性和表达模式以及整个植物组织中miR396和GIF梯度之间高度复杂的相互作用的调节。在蛋白质水平上,GRFs由两个高度进化保守的结构域QLQ和WRC以及一个保守性较低的C末端反式激活结构域组成。虽然QLQ通过与GIFs N末端区域中发现的一个称为SNH(通过SYT N末端同源性)的保守结构域形成复合物来介导GRF - GIF相互作用,但WRC被认为是一个假定的锌指结构域,负责靶DNA识别和核输入。然而,控制GRF转录活性和靶标识别的结构方面仍然未知。在这项工作中,我们应用生物信息学和生物物理分析来全面表征调节该蛋白质家族生物学功能的结构特征,重点是WRC结构域。我们深入了解了GRFs中WRC结构域的结构,并探索了驱动GRFs:DNA复合物形成的WRC特征。这些发现为WRC结构域如何调节GRFs的生物学功能提供了新的见解,为未来研究它们在植物基因调控和发育中的结构 - 功能关系奠定了基础。

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