BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has proven to be effective in orthopaedic surgery, improving both surgical planning and outcomes. Despite its increasing use in surgical programs, reviews evaluating its educational impact are sparse. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide educators with evidence-based findings on 3D printing's potential in training junior surgeons, as well as discuss its benefits in enhancing patient communication.

METHODS

A comprehensive search using PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed to identify articles related to orthopaedics, 3D printing, and education. After removing duplicates, 2,160 articles were screened, 152 underwent full-text review, and 50 met inclusion criteria. Articles discussed the impact of 3D-printed models on comprehension or surgical performance. Data on publication details, sample size, teaching focus, learning outcomes, costs, and conclusions were extracted. Learning effects in the control (didactic) and experimental (3DP) groups were compared.

RESULTS

In fracture management training, studies demonstrated significantly improved fracture classification accuracy, surgical performance, and interobserver classification agreement with 3D models compared with didactic learning and traditional imaging modalities. These benefits were particularly evident in cases of complex fractures and junior trainees. In arthroscopy, 3D-printed simulators improved procedural accuracy and were more cost-effective than virtual reality simulators and cadaveric laboratory results. Three-dimensionally printed simulators were also assessed for skills related to spine surgery, in which trainees demonstrated clear learning curve improvements for pedicle screw placement and osteotomy techniques, as well as a better understanding of vital paraspinal structures. The application of 3D printing in patient education was equally promising, as it facilitated the process of informed consent, ultimately promoting shared decision making.

CONCLUSION

The use of 3D-printed models offers effective and customizable methods for developing essential surgical skills. Future research should focus on larger, more diverse study populations and should include long-term follow-up to better assess the impact of 3D printing on education and patient outcomes.